Gái Nhật mặc áo dài Việt Nam
FESTIVAL VIỆT NAM 2018 IN JAPAN: CA SĨ YORI
https://youtu.be/8YYysHutz2U
This girl might sung "Quan Họ" North Vietnam music style
Người Việt
1
Người Tàu
11
China’s Hanfu Fashion Style
Style
Vietnamese "Mệnh Phụ" fashion Style
0
Nhà Nguyễn ban lệnh cho trai gái hai xứ (Thuận Hóa, Quảng Nam) đổi dùng quần áo Bắc quốc để tỏ sự thay đổi. Đến phụ nữ đều mặc áo ngắn hẹp tay giống áo nam giới thì Bắc quốc không như vậy. Hơn ba mươi năm, người ta đều quen, quên cả tục cũ.
Nguyễn dynasty áo ngũ thân
Nguyễn dynasty áo ngũ thân
21st century áo dài thoát thân từ áo ngũ thân
Áo dài has modify from áo ngũ thân
Vietnamese girl
Nanyue people/Cantonese people
Cantonese people are being brainwashed by the Han Chinese into thinking that they are not related to Viet or Bách Viet, so the Viet and the Cantonese won’t team up against the Han Chinese. Cantonese and Vietnamese sound similar because Vietnam and Canton use to be in the same region then the Han Chinese came in; after a series of attack, we kind of broke apart and had to fled west where modern day north Vietnam use to be.
In 1405, Hạm Đội của Trịnh Hòa (Người gốc Ba Tư/Muslim) triều Đại nhà Minh gồm 30.000 người và có trên 300 thuyền buồm vào lúc cao điểm nhất.
Chúng ta tự hỏi sao mỗi chuyến đi? Trịnh Hòa đều ghé đến Champa/Việt Nam để làm gì?
Minyue girl
The Hán empire's conquest of Minyue and Nanyue of Southeast Asia. Maritime trade at the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region along with the Yangtze River Delta part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Bay Area for the Silk Road linked China with Ancient Rome, India, and the Near East.
Chinese Arrive in Southeast Asia
First wave
Trịnh Hòa (1371-1433) was born Ma He (馬和) to a Muslim family during the Ming dynasty of China,he helped establish Chinese communities in parts of Java and the Malay Peninsula in part, many historians believe, to impose imperial Chinese control.
Second wave
Beginning in the late-1700s, large numbers of Chinese — mostly from Guangdong and Fujian provinces and Hainan Island in southern China — began emigrating to Southeast Asia. Most were illiterate, landless peasants oppressed in their homelands and looking for opportunities abroad. The rich landowners and educated Mandarins stayed in China. Scholars attribute the mass exodus to population explosion in the coastal cities of Fujian and prosperity and contacts generated by foreign trade.
So many people left Fujian for Southeast Asia during the late 18th century and early 19th century that the Manchu court issued an imperial edict in 1718 recalling all Chinese to the mainland. A 1728 proclamation declared that anyone who didn't return and was captured would be executed.
Third wave
Most of the Chinese who settled in Southeast Asia left China in the mid 19th century after a number treaty ports were opened in China with the signing of the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 after the first Opium War. The ports made it easy to leave and with the British rather than imperial Chinese running things there were fewer obstacles preventing them from leaving. British ports in Southeast Asia, particularly Singapore, gave them destinations they could head to.
fourth wave
A particularly large number of Chinese left from the British treaty ports of Xiamen (Amoy) and Fuzhou (Foochow) in Fujian province. Many were encouraged to leave by colonial governments so they could provide cheap coolie labor in ports around the world, including those in colonial Southeast Asia. Many Chinese fled the coastal province of Fujian and Zhejiang after famines and floods in 1910 and later during World War II and the early days of Communist rule. Many of the legal and illegal immigrants from China continue to come from Fujian.
Overseas Chinese speak three main language groups:
1) Min (Northern and Southern),
2) Yue and
3) Hakka.
— Yue dialects include Cantonese, Guangfu and Yueh
— Southern Min dialects include Hokkien and Fukien from Fujian
— Hakka dialects include Hokka, Ke, Kechia, Kejia, Kek and Kheh.
— Teochew and Taechew from Chaozhou and Hainan.
History of Chinese in Thailand in the 20th Century
After Imperial China collapsed in the early 20th century, Chinese in Thailand were discriminated against. Their schools were closed down and they were barred from certain jobs and business. The Thai King wrote a tract called the Chinese the “Jews of the East.” Some of this was based on prejudice and ignorance.
How do Cantonese and Fujianese people feel when some Vietnamese say that they're descended from them?
Nam Viet / Nanyue included North Vietnam, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Southern Fujian and Hong Kong. There bound to be intermixing and cultural diffusion. https://youtu.be/7dW3DQZo0uU
Vietnamese rendition of Trần Thái Tông (Trần Cảnh)
Trần Cảnh’s ancestor was someone by the name of Trần Kinh (陈京), a Fujianese (闽人) who lived sometime during the Song Dynasty — though the same source also suggests that Trần Kinh may have come from Guilin instead, which is why I say it’s “likely” that Trần was Fujianese.
Trần Kinh is said to have moved to “Moxiang” (墨乡), in present-day Nam Định Province in northern Vietnam, where he and his clan took up fishing for a living.
Vietnamese people
Ca Trù - Vietnamese Traditional music
https://youtu.be/JQEzlH85J6g
Ca Trù Hồng Hồng Tuyết Tuyết - Kim Luyến
https://youtu.be/41z5HiWIAOs
The Vietnamese Emperors of the Nguyen Dynasty 1802–1945
The Vietnamese term: Vua could be translated as King and the Vietnamese term: Hoàng Đế/Đế is translated as Emperor in English. while all others (Dinh, Ly, Tran, Le most notably) were referred to as “Vua”.
Only Quang Trung (Nguyen Hue) and the late Nguyen Kings/Emperors were referred to in history books as both “Hoàng Đế” and “Vua” interchangeably.
Hung King's Tomb the ancestors of the Vietnamese people
77
88
Càn Long Tomb of the Qianlong /Càn Long Emperor
Yue facial
Hán facial (Qin)
At the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang (劉邦) and his generals of the resurrected Chu State (楚國) were exiled from into the region of Hanzhong (漢中); hence, the name of the Han Dynasty (漢) was picked by Liu Bang after he and his troops defeated Genral Xiang Yu (項羽) of the Chu State.
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During the 1000 years of Chinese occupation in Vietnam, did the Vietnamese consider themselves a separate people from the Chinese, or did they think of themselves as similar in heritage?
Question: During the 1000 years of Chinese occupation in Vietnam, did the Vietnamese consider themselves a separate people from the Chinese, or did they think of themselves as similar in heritage?
Answer: Surely, No-one could answer your question which could persuade all of us much due to lack of evidence or historical documents. In each period of Vietnamese history, especially 1000 years of being occupied and colonized by China, China, and the Chinese Empires have tried to erase all the Vietnamese identity and assimilate the Vietnamese into the Chinese Han but failed miserably. However, through the indirect evidence and also indirectly historical documents, We see that the concept of the Vietnamese identity has always attached tightly with the concept of the Southern nation - Vietnam in contrary to the Northern Nation - China which led to countless rebellions of the Vietnamese against the Chinese colonization within around 1000 years. There are some points to confirm that the Vietnamese (Southern people) consider themselves a separate people from the Chinese (Northern people)
❖ Firstly, the Vietnamese have always seen their first state - Van Lang led by the Hung Kings Hong Bang Dynasty 2879–258 BC not the Chinese Xia Dynasty 2070–1600 BC. From generation to generation of the Vietnamese have always been taught that they are descendants of the Lac Hong, of the Hung Kings instead of the Chinese Huaxia.
After 1000 years of being occupied by China, the exchange of culture between the two nations is unavoidable which led to the similarities. But the Vietnamese have never identified themselves as having the same heritage as the Chinese even though they have learned much from the Chinese civilization. Just as now, Vietnam also has learned much from the western civilization but they have never seen themselves as the westerners.
❖ Secondly, The Vietnamese language and the Chinese language are different and even have not the same root. The Vietnamese people at that time speak their own language - the Vietic language instead of the Chinese language. So, about language, the Vietnamese often see themselves as different from the Chinese.
According to Google, the Vietnamese language is classified as the Austro-Asiatic language family and the Chinese belong to the Sino-Tibetan language family.
❖ Thirdly, There are countless rebellions and uprisings of the Vietnamese against the Chinese colonial rules during the Chinese occupation era such as:
ᐅ Trung Sister's revolt against the Chinese Han occupation and restored the independence of Vietnam and ruled Vietnam briefly until 43 AD. The Trung Sisters Kings only retook the short independent period for Vietnam with Linh Nam Kingdom but it has inspired the next and next rebels of the Vietnamese against the Chinese rules until completely restoring full independence in 938AD.
“…with a single cry [the Trưng sisters] led the prefectures of Cửu Chân, Nhật Nam, Hợp Phố, and 65 strongholds heed their call. They… proclaimed their rule as easily as their turning over their hands. It awakened all of us that we can be independent… in the span of more than one thousand years, men of this land only bowed their heads and accepted the fate of servitude to the people from the North”.
(Vietnam was under the Chinese Han colonial rule
After defeating the rebellion, the Han forces also appear to have massacred most of the Lạc Việt aristocracy, beheading five to ten thousand people and deporting several hundred families to China. After the Trưng sisters were dead, Ma Yuan spent most of the year 43 building up the Han administration in the Red River Delta and preparing the local society for direct Han rule.[20]
General Ma Yuan aggressively sinicized the culture and customs of the local people, removing their tribal ways, so they could be more easily governed by Han China. He melted down the Lac bronze drums, their chieftains' symbol of authority, to cast a statue of a horse, which he presented to Emperor Guangwu when he returned to Luoyang in the autumn of 44 AD. In Ma Yuan’s letter to his nephews, while campaigning in Jiaozhi, he quoted a Chinese saying:
“If you do not succeed in sculpting a swan, the result will still look like a duck”.
ᐅ Lady Trieu's revolt 248 AD
She is quoted as saying: "I'd like to ride storms, kill orcas in the open sea, drive out the aggressors, reconquer the country, undo the ties of serfdom, and never bend my back to be the concubine of whatever man.
ᐅ Ly Bi revolt in 542 – 545 AD and restored another short period of independence of Vietnam from 545 – 602AD with his early Ly Dynasty.
ᐅ Mai Hac De revolt 713 – 722AD
ᐅ Phung Hung revolt 776 – 794 AD
ᐅ Khuc Thua Dua revolt 905 – 906 AD and retook the autonomous right for Vietnam.
ᐅ Duong Dinh Nghe revolt against the first Chinese Southern Han invasion and retook the autonomous right for Vietnam 930–931 AD.
ᐅ Ngo Quyen revolt against the second Chinese Southern Han invasion and officially restored the full independence for Vietnam in 938, established the fourth Dynasty of the Vietnamese - Ngo Dynasty 939 – 965AD after the Hong Bang Dynasty 2879–258BC
Thuc Dynasty 258 – 180BC,
the Early Ly Dynasty 545 – 602AD,
and ended about 1000 years of the Chinese domination from 180BC-938AD.
The question is that if at that time, the Vietnamese considered themselves as the Chinese Han, Why the Chinese states and rulers must try to erase the Vietnamese culture and customs, assimilate the Vietnamese people?
In conclusion: From What I have said above, the Vietnamese identity has been attached to the establishment and development of the Vietnamese states and the Vietnamese nation which is always perceived as different from the Chinese states and the Chinese nation even during the period of being Chinese domination about 1000 years. So, we could conclude that during the 1000 years of Chinese occupation in Vietnam, the Vietnamese or the people in Vietnam consider themselves separate people from the Chinese.
Another attempt of the Chinese state trying to erase the Vietnamese identity happened around 1407–1428, the fourth and also last period of the Chinese domination of Vietnam.
An entry in the Ming Shilu (traditional Chinese: 明實錄; simplified Chinese: 明实录) dated 15 August 1406 recorded an imperial order from Emperor Yongle that instructed for Vietnamese records such as maps and registers to be saved and preserved by the Chinese army:
己未敕征討安南總兵官成國公朱能等曰師入安南下郡邑凡得文籍圖志皆勿毀。[24]
In addition, according to Yueqiaoshu (Chinese: 越嶠書, Vietnamese: Việt kiệu thư), on August 21, 1406, the Yongle Emperor issued an order to Ming soldiers in Annam:
兵入。除釋道經板經文不燬。外一切書板文字以至俚俗童蒙所習。如上大人丘乙已之類。片紙隻字悉皆燬之。其境內中國 所立碑刻則存之。但是安南所立者悉壞之。一字不存。 [25] "Once our army enters Annam, except Buddhist and Taoist text; all books and notes, including folklore and children book, should be burnt. The stelae erected by China should be protected carefully, while those erected by Annam, should be completely annihilated. Do not spare even one character."
On the 21st day of the 5th lunar month of the following year, Emperor Yongle issued another order to Ming soldiers in Annam:
屢嘗諭爾凡安南所有一切書板文字。以至俚俗童蒙所習。如上大人丘乙已之類。片紙隻字及彼處自立碑刻。見者即便毀壞勿存 。今聞軍中所得文字不即令軍人焚毀。必檢視然後焚之。且軍人多不識字。若一一令其如此。必致傳遞遺失者多。爾今宜一如前敕。號令軍中但遇彼處所有一應文字即便焚毀。毋得存留。[25] "I have repeatedly told you all to burnt all Annamese books, including folklore and children books and the local stelae should be destroyed immediately upon sight. Recently I heard our soldiers hesitated and read those books before burning them. Most soldiers do not know how to read, so it will be a waste of our time. Now you have to strictly obey my previous command, and burn all local books upon sight without hesitation.
The Chinese colonists encouraging the Ming Confucian ideology, bureaucratic and Classical Chinese study to the local Vietnamese people, forced the Vietnamese to wear Chinese-style clothes.[26][8] The Ming forbid the local customs such as tattooing, unmarried boys and girls to cut short hair, and banned women to wear short skirts, in "order to change customs in conformity with the north."[27][28] Cultural incorporation was pursued with the new Jiaozhi administration advising to the Ming court:
The yi people of Annam venerate the law of the Buddha, but do not know to worship or sacrifice the spirits. We should establish altars for sacrifice to the spirits of the wind, clouds, thunder and rain... so that the people become familiar with the way to express gratitude to the spirits through sacrifice.[29]
In 1416, a large number of Confucian school, Yin-yang schools and medical schools were established within the province. Examinations for local bureaucracy were formalised in 1411. Chinese mourning rites and mourning leave were instituted among the official of Jiaozhi in 1419.[29] For the first time, Đại Việt experienced the sustained influence of Neo-Confucian ideology, which not only included the traditional doctrines of filial piety but also demanded an “activist, state-oriented service” based on officials’ absolute loyalty to the dynasty and on the moral superiority of the “civilized” over the “barbarian” as the Ming viewed the Vietnamese as barbarians.[26] Yongle brought Vietnamese students to the National Institution at the Ming capital and appointed more natives to the minor local offices in Jiaozhi.[8] The Ming also destroyed or brought to the north many Vietnamese vernacular writing, historical and classic texts.[30]
After regained independence, Vietnamese monarch Lê Thánh Tông issued royal edict in 1474 to forbid Vietnamese from adopting foreign languages, hairstyles and clothes like the Laotians, Chams and the Ming Chinese, abolished the Ming forced customs.
The Mongol, Cham, and Ming invasions of 13th - 15th centuries destroyed many Vietnamese important sites, buildings, artifacts, and archives of the Postclassical period.
Đại Nội Huế
Đại Nội (大内) or Hoàng Thành (皇城)
Hoàng Thành Nhà Thanh
Dànèi (大内) or Huángchéng (皇城)
Both have the Meridian Gate (午門) as the main gate.
Ngọ Môn (午門)
Wǔmén (午門)
One major difference between them is Vietnam’s is much smaller than China’s.
The China Forbidden City was built by a Vietnamese architect
Nguyen An is a native of Jiaozhi, born in 1381 in Ha Dong (now Hanoi City) in the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam. In 1400, Hu Jiyak usurped the throne of the Chen/Trần Dynasty and established the Hu Dynasty.
In 1407, the Ming Dynasty dispatched Zhang Fu to invade and annex Vietnam on the grounds that the Hu clan usurped the throne. Zhang Fu castrated some beautiful Vietnamese teenagers and sent them to Yanjing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, including Ruan An. Ming Chengzu liked these Annan people very much, and ordered someone to teach them to read.
Năm 1407, nhà Minh phái Trương Phụ xâm lược và sáp nhập Việt Nam với lý do gia tộc họ Hồ chiếm đoạt ngai vàng. Zhang Fu đã thiến một số thanh thiếu niên Việt Nam xinh đẹp và gửi họ đến Diêm Kinh, thủ đô của triều đại nhà Minh, bao gồm cả Ruan An/Nguyễn An. Ming Chengzu rất thích những người An Nam này, và ra lệnh cho ai đó dạy họ đọc.
In 1436, Ming Yingzong ordered Ruan An/Nguyen An to improve the city of Beijing and build nine gates in the inner city of the capital. From 1437 to 1439, Ruan An/Nguyen An was responsible for the establishment of nine gates including Xizhimen, Pingzemen (Fuchengmen), Dongzhimen, Chaoyangmen, Deshengmen, and Zhengyangmen. Thereafter, in 1445, Ruan Anyou was ordered to rebuild some of the halls in the Forbidden City and fortify the walls of Beijing.
Research made by the University of Cambridge clearly states that “the chief architect was an Annamese eunuch named Juan An/Nguyen An (d. 1453) who also played a major role in rebuilding Peking,” (Mote & Twitchett, 1988: 241). Annam is what Vietnam was referred to by the Chinese during this period, even though that was never our official name. During the Yongle period, the three halls of Fengtian, Huagai and Jinshen were destroyed by fire, and only minor repairs were made at that time. On the sixth day of March in the fifth year of Zhengtong (1440), Yingzong ordered the eunuch Ruan Antong, the governor of Shen Qinghui, to rebuild the three halls.
In addition to building Beijing City, Ruan An/Nguyen An also dredged some rivers. In 1438, 1452 and 1453, Ruan An once dredged the Tongji River and the Zhang Qiu River three times respectively, and built embankments to prevent disasters. In 1453, Ruan An died of illness on his way to govern Zhang Qiuhe.
Ruan An/Nguyen An received a lot of rewards for building many projects during his lifetime, but he was not greedy for money and turned over all the rewards to the state treasury. According to the records of "History of the Ming Dynasty", Ruan An lived a poor life, and after his death "there was no ten gold coins".
During the Ming Dynasty’s invasion of Vietnam in 1407, many Vietnamese professionals (poets, military experts, architects, engineers, etc.) were captured and brought back to China. Among them was a prisoner named Nguyễn An (Juan An in Chinese), a man who would later designed and oversaw the construction of the Peking Citadel and the entire Forbidden City of Beijing.
Nguyễn An was a talented official of the Tran Dynasty. He was captured by the Ming Army and brought back to China as a gift from the illegitimate Ho Clan. From then on, he would be known in Chinese history as Juan An, a eunuch of the Ming’s imperial court.
For his talents, Nguyễn An was given the task of constructing the Peking Citadel and the Forbidden City of Peking (Beijing). The size of his workforce was literally in the millions, composing of soldiers, workers, and prisoners. A large number of the laborers were also Vietnamese, captured by the Ming during their invasions.
Nguyễn An là một quan chức tài năng của nhà Trần. Ông bị quân Minh bắt và đưa về Trung Quốc như một món quà từ gia tộc họ Hồ bất hợp pháp. Từ đó trở đi, ông sẽ được biết đến trong lịch sử Trung Quốc như Juan An, một thái giám của triều đình nhà Minh.
Với tài năng của mình, Nguyễn An được giao nhiệm vụ xây dựng Thành Kinh Bắc và Tử Cấm Thành Bắc Kinh (Bắc Kinh). Quy mô lực lượng lao động của ông theo nghĩa đen là hàng triệu, sáng tác của binh lính, công nhân và tù nhân. Một số lượng lớn người lao động cũng là người Việt Nam, bị nhà Minh bắt giữ trong cuộc xâm lược của họ.
The fact that Juan An (Nguyễn An) was Vietnamese had been obscured in Chinese history for centuries. It is only recently, with long and intricate research, did these facts began to surface. Research made by the University of Cambridge clearly states that “the chief architect was an Annamese eunuch named Juan An (d. 1453) who also played a major role in rebuilding Peking,” (Mote & Twitchett, 1988: 241). Annam is what Vietnam was referred to by the Chinese during this period, even though that was never our official name.
Built from 1406 to 1420, the palace complex has undergone many changes.
After serving as the imperial palace for some five hundred years, the Forbidden City became a museum, the Palace Museum, in 1925. In 1987, it was declared a World Heritage Siteby UNESCO.
Lưu Bang và Hạng Vũ cùng nổi lên lật đổ nhà Tần của Tần Thủy Hoàng. Lưu Bang có ý muốn trừ Hạng Vũ để tự mình được mang danh là người thâu tóm thiên hạ.
Hạng Vũ cả giận muốn giết đi nhưng nghĩ thương tình vì cũng là người nước Sở cả, nên mới cho Lưu Bang vào trấn thủ ở đất Hán Trung và Ba Thục phong cho tước hiệu là Hán Vương.
Về sau Lưu Bang lập mưu đánh bại Hạng Vũ và lên ngôi lấy tước hiệu Hán vương đổi thành Hán Hoàng Ðế tức Hán Cao Tổ, thủ đắc nguyên một nước Tàu và xâm chiếm Bách Việt do Tần Thủy Hoàng tạo nên.
Nhà Hán cai trị nước Tàu lâu đời và các nho sĩ nên được ca tụng, tuyên dương, được thổi phồng lên thêm cho nhà Hán rồi sau đó, văn hóa của các nước như: Chu, Sở, Thang, Việt bị lấy và bị mang danh là văn hóa Hán, chữ Hán, trang phục người Hán chữ nho của nước Sở cũng bị biến chế, thay đổi, cải biến và gọi là chữ Hán, và người ở nước Tàu cũng phải nhận mình là người Hán, Hán Nhân, Hán Tử, người bạo gan được gọi là có máu "hảo Hán".
Triều đại nhà Tần, hay nước Tần là Ch’in hay Tsin như người Tây phương gọi họ là China, Chinese, Xina, Sino.
Người Việt vẫn gọi họ là nước Tàu, người Tầu cũng là chữ Tần đọc trại hay đọc sai âm thành Tàu. Ông Cha ta đã gọi nước Tần là nước Tàu. Sau này nhà Minh, nhà Thanh, hay Tôn Dật Tiên có thay đổi thành chữ' Trung quốc', 'Trung Hoa', 'Trung Nguyên' và mang người Tàu trở về thời liên minh của các bộ lạc Hoa Hạ của Hiên Viên Hoàng Đế, thì cũng là mang tranh giành sự chánh danh hoặc tỏ sự uy quyền của đảng phái, triều đại của mình.
Triều đại Tần mà được công nhận và gọi tên mặc dù là một triều đại ngắn, nhưng đã tạo ra nước Tàu trước tiên, dù là Hán, là Thanh, Tống, Minh, Đường... có kéo dài bao nhiêu năm đi nữa, nước Tần đã được tạo ra do người Tần mà có, vì thế tên gọi là China, Chinese, sino, sina, Nước Tàu, người Tàu, hay nước Chai Na, người Chai Na, là đúng.
LA：Sina
TR：Çin
IT：Cina
ER：Ĉinio
ID：Cina, Tiongkok
MY：Cina, China
CZ：Čína
BQ：Txina
DE：China
FR：Chine
NL：China
ES：China
EN：China
IS：Kína
MT：kina
DK：Kina
FI：Kiina
SE：Kina
NO：Kina
CN: 中国
JP：中国
KR：중국
VN：Trung Quoc / Tau
ID： Tiong Kok
RU：Китай
BY：Кітай
BG：Китай
UA：Китай
KZ: Қытай
KG: Кытай
Vậy thì Việt cộng để làm vừa lòng ông Mao, ông Tôn Dật Tiên mà gọi Trung Hoa núi liền núi sông liền sông, bạn vàng, bạn tốt, môi hở răng lạnh... để chúng không đánh chiếm nước ta sao?
FESTIVAL VIỆT NAM 2018 IN JAPAN: CA SĨ YORI
https://youtu.be/8YYysHutz2U
This girl might sung "Quan Họ" North Vietnam music style
Người Việt
1
Người Tàu
11
China’s Hanfu Fashion Style
Style
Vietnamese "Mệnh Phụ" fashion Style
0
Nhà Nguyễn ban lệnh cho trai gái hai xứ (Thuận Hóa, Quảng Nam) đổi dùng quần áo Bắc quốc để tỏ sự thay đổi. Đến phụ nữ đều mặc áo ngắn hẹp tay giống áo nam giới thì Bắc quốc không như vậy. Hơn ba mươi năm, người ta đều quen, quên cả tục cũ.
Nguyễn dynasty áo ngũ thân
Nguyễn dynasty áo ngũ thân
21st century áo dài thoát thân từ áo ngũ thân
Áo dài has modify from áo ngũ thân
Vietnamese girl
Nanyue people/Cantonese people
Cantonese people are being brainwashed by the Han Chinese into thinking that they are not related to Viet or Bách Viet, so the Viet and the Cantonese won’t team up against the Han Chinese. Cantonese and Vietnamese sound similar because Vietnam and Canton use to be in the same region then the Han Chinese came in; after a series of attack, we kind of broke apart and had to fled west where modern day north Vietnam use to be.
In 1405, Hạm Đội của Trịnh Hòa (Người gốc Ba Tư/Muslim) triều Đại nhà Minh gồm 30.000 người và có trên 300 thuyền buồm vào lúc cao điểm nhất.
| Thứ tự | Thời gian | Khu vực ngày nay |
|---|---|---|
| Chuyến thứ 1 | 1405–1407[12] |
Champa,[12] Java,[12] Palembang, Malacca,[12] Aru, Samudera,[12] Lambri,[12] Ceylon,[12] Qiulon,[12] Kollam, Cochin, Calicut[12]
|
| Chuyến thứ 2 | 1407–1409[12] |
Champa, Java,[12] Siam,[12] Cochin,[12] Ceylon, Calicut[12]
|
| Chuyến thứ 3 | 1409–1411[12] |
Champa,[12] Java,[12] Malacca,[12] Semudera,[12] Ceylon,[12] Quilon,[12] Cochin,[12] Calicut,[12] Siam,[12] Lambri, Kayal, Coimbatore[], Puttanpur
|
| Chuyến thứ 4 | 1413–1415[12] |
Champa
,[12] Kelantan,[12] Pahang,[12] Java,[12] Palembang,[12] Malacca,[12] Semudera,[12] Lambri,[12] Ceylon,[12] Cochin,[12] Calicut,[12] Kayal, Hormuz,[12] Maldives,[12] Mogadishu, Barawa, Malindi, Aden,[12] Muscat, Dhofar
|
| Chuyến thứ 5 | 1417–1419[12] |
Champa,
Pahang, Java, Malacca, Samudera, Lambri, Bengal, Ceylon, Sharwayn, Cochin, Calicut, Hormuz, Maldives, Mogadishu, Barawa, Malindi, Aden
|
| Chuyến thứ 6 | 1421–1422 |
Champa, Bengal,[12][13][14] Ceylon,[12] Calicut,[12] Cochin,[12] Maldives,[12] Hormuz,[12] Djofar,[12] Aden,[12] Mogadishu,[12] Brava[12]
|
| Chuyến thứ 7 | 1430–1433 | Champa, [15] Java,[15] Palembang,[15] Malacca,[15] Semudera,[15] Andaman and Nicobar Islands,[15] Bengal,[15] Ceylon,[15] Calicut,[15] Hormuz,[15] Aden,[15] Ganbali (possibly Coimbatore),[15] Bengal,[15] Laccadive and Maldive Islands,[15] Djofar,[15] Lasa,[15] Aden,[15] Mecca,[15] Mogadishu,[15] Brava[15] |
Minyue girl
The Hán empire's conquest of Minyue and Nanyue of Southeast Asia. Maritime trade at the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region along with the Yangtze River Delta part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Bay Area for the Silk Road linked China with Ancient Rome, India, and the Near East.
Chinese Arrive in Southeast Asia
First wave
Trịnh Hòa (1371-1433) was born Ma He (馬和) to a Muslim family during the Ming dynasty of China,he helped establish Chinese communities in parts of Java and the Malay Peninsula in part, many historians believe, to impose imperial Chinese control.
Second wave
Beginning in the late-1700s, large numbers of Chinese — mostly from Guangdong and Fujian provinces and Hainan Island in southern China — began emigrating to Southeast Asia. Most were illiterate, landless peasants oppressed in their homelands and looking for opportunities abroad. The rich landowners and educated Mandarins stayed in China. Scholars attribute the mass exodus to population explosion in the coastal cities of Fujian and prosperity and contacts generated by foreign trade.
So many people left Fujian for Southeast Asia during the late 18th century and early 19th century that the Manchu court issued an imperial edict in 1718 recalling all Chinese to the mainland. A 1728 proclamation declared that anyone who didn't return and was captured would be executed.
Third wave
Most of the Chinese who settled in Southeast Asia left China in the mid 19th century after a number treaty ports were opened in China with the signing of the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 after the first Opium War. The ports made it easy to leave and with the British rather than imperial Chinese running things there were fewer obstacles preventing them from leaving. British ports in Southeast Asia, particularly Singapore, gave them destinations they could head to.
fourth wave
A particularly large number of Chinese left from the British treaty ports of Xiamen (Amoy) and Fuzhou (Foochow) in Fujian province. Many were encouraged to leave by colonial governments so they could provide cheap coolie labor in ports around the world, including those in colonial Southeast Asia. Many Chinese fled the coastal province of Fujian and Zhejiang after famines and floods in 1910 and later during World War II and the early days of Communist rule. Many of the legal and illegal immigrants from China continue to come from Fujian.
Overseas Chinese speak three main language groups:
1) Min (Northern and Southern),
2) Yue and
3) Hakka.
— Yue dialects include Cantonese, Guangfu and Yueh
— Southern Min dialects include Hokkien and Fukien from Fujian
— Hakka dialects include Hokka, Ke, Kechia, Kejia, Kek and Kheh.
— Teochew and Taechew from Chaozhou and Hainan.
History of Chinese in Thailand in the 20th Century
After Imperial China collapsed in the early 20th century, Chinese in Thailand were discriminated against. Their schools were closed down and they were barred from certain jobs and business. The Thai King wrote a tract called the Chinese the “Jews of the East.” Some of this was based on prejudice and ignorance.
How do Cantonese and Fujianese people feel when some Vietnamese say that they're descended from them?
Nam Viet / Nanyue included North Vietnam, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Southern Fujian and Hong Kong. There bound to be intermixing and cultural diffusion. https://youtu.be/7dW3DQZo0uU
Vietnamese rendition of Trần Thái Tông (Trần Cảnh)
Trần Cảnh’s ancestor was someone by the name of Trần Kinh (陈京), a Fujianese (闽人) who lived sometime during the Song Dynasty — though the same source also suggests that Trần Kinh may have come from Guilin instead, which is why I say it’s “likely” that Trần was Fujianese.
Trần Kinh is said to have moved to “Moxiang” (墨乡), in present-day Nam Định Province in northern Vietnam, where he and his clan took up fishing for a living.
Vietnamese people
Ca Trù - Vietnamese Traditional music
https://youtu.be/JQEzlH85J6g
Ca Trù Hồng Hồng Tuyết Tuyết - Kim Luyến
https://youtu.be/41z5HiWIAOs
The Vietnamese Emperors of the Nguyen Dynasty 1802–1945
The Vietnamese term: Vua could be translated as King and the Vietnamese term: Hoàng Đế/Đế is translated as Emperor in English. while all others (Dinh, Ly, Tran, Le most notably) were referred to as “Vua”.
Only Quang Trung (Nguyen Hue) and the late Nguyen Kings/Emperors were referred to in history books as both “Hoàng Đế” and “Vua” interchangeably.
Hung King's Tomb the ancestors of the Vietnamese people
77
88
Càn Long Tomb of the Qianlong /Càn Long Emperor
Yue facial
Hán facial (Qin)
At the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang (劉邦) and his generals of the resurrected Chu State (楚國) were exiled from into the region of Hanzhong (漢中); hence, the name of the Han Dynasty (漢) was picked by Liu Bang after he and his troops defeated Genral Xiang Yu (項羽) of the Chu State.
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During the 1000 years of Chinese occupation in Vietnam, did the Vietnamese consider themselves a separate people from the Chinese, or did they think of themselves as similar in heritage?
Question: During the 1000 years of Chinese occupation in Vietnam, did the Vietnamese consider themselves a separate people from the Chinese, or did they think of themselves as similar in heritage?
Answer: Surely, No-one could answer your question which could persuade all of us much due to lack of evidence or historical documents. In each period of Vietnamese history, especially 1000 years of being occupied and colonized by China, China, and the Chinese Empires have tried to erase all the Vietnamese identity and assimilate the Vietnamese into the Chinese Han but failed miserably. However, through the indirect evidence and also indirectly historical documents, We see that the concept of the Vietnamese identity has always attached tightly with the concept of the Southern nation - Vietnam in contrary to the Northern Nation - China which led to countless rebellions of the Vietnamese against the Chinese colonization within around 1000 years. There are some points to confirm that the Vietnamese (Southern people) consider themselves a separate people from the Chinese (Northern people)
❖ Firstly, the Vietnamese have always seen their first state - Van Lang led by the Hung Kings Hong Bang Dynasty 2879–258 BC not the Chinese Xia Dynasty 2070–1600 BC. From generation to generation of the Vietnamese have always been taught that they are descendants of the Lac Hong, of the Hung Kings instead of the Chinese Huaxia.
After 1000 years of being occupied by China, the exchange of culture between the two nations is unavoidable which led to the similarities. But the Vietnamese have never identified themselves as having the same heritage as the Chinese even though they have learned much from the Chinese civilization. Just as now, Vietnam also has learned much from the western civilization but they have never seen themselves as the westerners.
❖ Secondly, The Vietnamese language and the Chinese language are different and even have not the same root. The Vietnamese people at that time speak their own language - the Vietic language instead of the Chinese language. So, about language, the Vietnamese often see themselves as different from the Chinese.
According to Google, the Vietnamese language is classified as the Austro-Asiatic language family and the Chinese belong to the Sino-Tibetan language family.
❖ Thirdly, There are countless rebellions and uprisings of the Vietnamese against the Chinese colonial rules during the Chinese occupation era such as:
ᐅ Trung Sister's revolt against the Chinese Han occupation and restored the independence of Vietnam and ruled Vietnam briefly until 43 AD. The Trung Sisters Kings only retook the short independent period for Vietnam with Linh Nam Kingdom but it has inspired the next and next rebels of the Vietnamese against the Chinese rules until completely restoring full independence in 938AD.
“…with a single cry [the Trưng sisters] led the prefectures of Cửu Chân, Nhật Nam, Hợp Phố, and 65 strongholds heed their call. They… proclaimed their rule as easily as their turning over their hands. It awakened all of us that we can be independent… in the span of more than one thousand years, men of this land only bowed their heads and accepted the fate of servitude to the people from the North”.
(Vietnam was under the Chinese Han colonial rule
After defeating the rebellion, the Han forces also appear to have massacred most of the Lạc Việt aristocracy, beheading five to ten thousand people and deporting several hundred families to China. After the Trưng sisters were dead, Ma Yuan spent most of the year 43 building up the Han administration in the Red River Delta and preparing the local society for direct Han rule.[20]
General Ma Yuan aggressively sinicized the culture and customs of the local people, removing their tribal ways, so they could be more easily governed by Han China. He melted down the Lac bronze drums, their chieftains' symbol of authority, to cast a statue of a horse, which he presented to Emperor Guangwu when he returned to Luoyang in the autumn of 44 AD. In Ma Yuan’s letter to his nephews, while campaigning in Jiaozhi, he quoted a Chinese saying:
“If you do not succeed in sculpting a swan, the result will still look like a duck”.
ᐅ Lady Trieu's revolt 248 AD
She is quoted as saying: "I'd like to ride storms, kill orcas in the open sea, drive out the aggressors, reconquer the country, undo the ties of serfdom, and never bend my back to be the concubine of whatever man.
ᐅ Ly Bi revolt in 542 – 545 AD and restored another short period of independence of Vietnam from 545 – 602AD with his early Ly Dynasty.
ᐅ Mai Hac De revolt 713 – 722AD
ᐅ Phung Hung revolt 776 – 794 AD
ᐅ Khuc Thua Dua revolt 905 – 906 AD and retook the autonomous right for Vietnam.
ᐅ Duong Dinh Nghe revolt against the first Chinese Southern Han invasion and retook the autonomous right for Vietnam 930–931 AD.
ᐅ Ngo Quyen revolt against the second Chinese Southern Han invasion and officially restored the full independence for Vietnam in 938, established the fourth Dynasty of the Vietnamese - Ngo Dynasty 939 – 965AD after the Hong Bang Dynasty 2879–258BC
Thuc Dynasty 258 – 180BC,
the Early Ly Dynasty 545 – 602AD,
and ended about 1000 years of the Chinese domination from 180BC-938AD.
The question is that if at that time, the Vietnamese considered themselves as the Chinese Han, Why the Chinese states and rulers must try to erase the Vietnamese culture and customs, assimilate the Vietnamese people?
In conclusion: From What I have said above, the Vietnamese identity has been attached to the establishment and development of the Vietnamese states and the Vietnamese nation which is always perceived as different from the Chinese states and the Chinese nation even during the period of being Chinese domination about 1000 years. So, we could conclude that during the 1000 years of Chinese occupation in Vietnam, the Vietnamese or the people in Vietnam consider themselves separate people from the Chinese.
Another attempt of the Chinese state trying to erase the Vietnamese identity happened around 1407–1428, the fourth and also last period of the Chinese domination of Vietnam.
An entry in the Ming Shilu (traditional Chinese: 明實錄; simplified Chinese: 明实录) dated 15 August 1406 recorded an imperial order from Emperor Yongle that instructed for Vietnamese records such as maps and registers to be saved and preserved by the Chinese army:
己未敕征討安南總兵官成國公朱能等曰師入安南下郡邑凡得文籍圖志皆勿毀。[24]
In addition, according to Yueqiaoshu (Chinese: 越嶠書, Vietnamese: Việt kiệu thư), on August 21, 1406, the Yongle Emperor issued an order to Ming soldiers in Annam:
兵入。除釋道經板經文不燬。外一切書板文字以至俚俗童蒙所習。如上大人丘乙已之類。片紙隻字悉皆燬之。其境內中國 所立碑刻則存之。但是安南所立者悉壞之。一字不存。 [25] "Once our army enters Annam, except Buddhist and Taoist text; all books and notes, including folklore and children book, should be burnt. The stelae erected by China should be protected carefully, while those erected by Annam, should be completely annihilated. Do not spare even one character."
On the 21st day of the 5th lunar month of the following year, Emperor Yongle issued another order to Ming soldiers in Annam:
屢嘗諭爾凡安南所有一切書板文字。以至俚俗童蒙所習。如上大人丘乙已之類。片紙隻字及彼處自立碑刻。見者即便毀壞勿存 。今聞軍中所得文字不即令軍人焚毀。必檢視然後焚之。且軍人多不識字。若一一令其如此。必致傳遞遺失者多。爾今宜一如前敕。號令軍中但遇彼處所有一應文字即便焚毀。毋得存留。[25] "I have repeatedly told you all to burnt all Annamese books, including folklore and children books and the local stelae should be destroyed immediately upon sight. Recently I heard our soldiers hesitated and read those books before burning them. Most soldiers do not know how to read, so it will be a waste of our time. Now you have to strictly obey my previous command, and burn all local books upon sight without hesitation.
The Chinese colonists encouraging the Ming Confucian ideology, bureaucratic and Classical Chinese study to the local Vietnamese people, forced the Vietnamese to wear Chinese-style clothes.[26][8] The Ming forbid the local customs such as tattooing, unmarried boys and girls to cut short hair, and banned women to wear short skirts, in "order to change customs in conformity with the north."[27][28] Cultural incorporation was pursued with the new Jiaozhi administration advising to the Ming court:
The yi people of Annam venerate the law of the Buddha, but do not know to worship or sacrifice the spirits. We should establish altars for sacrifice to the spirits of the wind, clouds, thunder and rain... so that the people become familiar with the way to express gratitude to the spirits through sacrifice.[29]
In 1416, a large number of Confucian school, Yin-yang schools and medical schools were established within the province. Examinations for local bureaucracy were formalised in 1411. Chinese mourning rites and mourning leave were instituted among the official of Jiaozhi in 1419.[29] For the first time, Đại Việt experienced the sustained influence of Neo-Confucian ideology, which not only included the traditional doctrines of filial piety but also demanded an “activist, state-oriented service” based on officials’ absolute loyalty to the dynasty and on the moral superiority of the “civilized” over the “barbarian” as the Ming viewed the Vietnamese as barbarians.[26] Yongle brought Vietnamese students to the National Institution at the Ming capital and appointed more natives to the minor local offices in Jiaozhi.[8] The Ming also destroyed or brought to the north many Vietnamese vernacular writing, historical and classic texts.[30]
After regained independence, Vietnamese monarch Lê Thánh Tông issued royal edict in 1474 to forbid Vietnamese from adopting foreign languages, hairstyles and clothes like the Laotians, Chams and the Ming Chinese, abolished the Ming forced customs.
The Mongol, Cham, and Ming invasions of 13th - 15th centuries destroyed many Vietnamese important sites, buildings, artifacts, and archives of the Postclassical period.
Đại Nội Huế
Đại Nội (大内) or Hoàng Thành (皇城)
Hoàng Thành Nhà Thanh
Dànèi (大内) or Huángchéng (皇城)
Both have the Meridian Gate (午門) as the main gate.
Ngọ Môn (午門)
Wǔmén (午門)
One major difference between them is Vietnam’s is much smaller than China’s.
The China Forbidden City was built by a Vietnamese architect
Nguyen An is a native of Jiaozhi, born in 1381 in Ha Dong (now Hanoi City) in the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam. In 1400, Hu Jiyak usurped the throne of the Chen/Trần Dynasty and established the Hu Dynasty.
In 1407, the Ming Dynasty dispatched Zhang Fu to invade and annex Vietnam on the grounds that the Hu clan usurped the throne. Zhang Fu castrated some beautiful Vietnamese teenagers and sent them to Yanjing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, including Ruan An. Ming Chengzu liked these Annan people very much, and ordered someone to teach them to read.
Năm 1407, nhà Minh phái Trương Phụ xâm lược và sáp nhập Việt Nam với lý do gia tộc họ Hồ chiếm đoạt ngai vàng. Zhang Fu đã thiến một số thanh thiếu niên Việt Nam xinh đẹp và gửi họ đến Diêm Kinh, thủ đô của triều đại nhà Minh, bao gồm cả Ruan An/Nguyễn An. Ming Chengzu rất thích những người An Nam này, và ra lệnh cho ai đó dạy họ đọc.
In 1436, Ming Yingzong ordered Ruan An/Nguyen An to improve the city of Beijing and build nine gates in the inner city of the capital. From 1437 to 1439, Ruan An/Nguyen An was responsible for the establishment of nine gates including Xizhimen, Pingzemen (Fuchengmen), Dongzhimen, Chaoyangmen, Deshengmen, and Zhengyangmen. Thereafter, in 1445, Ruan Anyou was ordered to rebuild some of the halls in the Forbidden City and fortify the walls of Beijing.
Research made by the University of Cambridge clearly states that “the chief architect was an Annamese eunuch named Juan An/Nguyen An (d. 1453) who also played a major role in rebuilding Peking,” (Mote & Twitchett, 1988: 241). Annam is what Vietnam was referred to by the Chinese during this period, even though that was never our official name. During the Yongle period, the three halls of Fengtian, Huagai and Jinshen were destroyed by fire, and only minor repairs were made at that time. On the sixth day of March in the fifth year of Zhengtong (1440), Yingzong ordered the eunuch Ruan Antong, the governor of Shen Qinghui, to rebuild the three halls.
In addition to building Beijing City, Ruan An/Nguyen An also dredged some rivers. In 1438, 1452 and 1453, Ruan An once dredged the Tongji River and the Zhang Qiu River three times respectively, and built embankments to prevent disasters. In 1453, Ruan An died of illness on his way to govern Zhang Qiuhe.
Ruan An/Nguyen An received a lot of rewards for building many projects during his lifetime, but he was not greedy for money and turned over all the rewards to the state treasury. According to the records of "History of the Ming Dynasty", Ruan An lived a poor life, and after his death "there was no ten gold coins".
During the Ming Dynasty’s invasion of Vietnam in 1407, many Vietnamese professionals (poets, military experts, architects, engineers, etc.) were captured and brought back to China. Among them was a prisoner named Nguyễn An (Juan An in Chinese), a man who would later designed and oversaw the construction of the Peking Citadel and the entire Forbidden City of Beijing.
Nguyễn An was a talented official of the Tran Dynasty. He was captured by the Ming Army and brought back to China as a gift from the illegitimate Ho Clan. From then on, he would be known in Chinese history as Juan An, a eunuch of the Ming’s imperial court.
For his talents, Nguyễn An was given the task of constructing the Peking Citadel and the Forbidden City of Peking (Beijing). The size of his workforce was literally in the millions, composing of soldiers, workers, and prisoners. A large number of the laborers were also Vietnamese, captured by the Ming during their invasions.
Nguyễn An là một quan chức tài năng của nhà Trần. Ông bị quân Minh bắt và đưa về Trung Quốc như một món quà từ gia tộc họ Hồ bất hợp pháp. Từ đó trở đi, ông sẽ được biết đến trong lịch sử Trung Quốc như Juan An, một thái giám của triều đình nhà Minh.
Với tài năng của mình, Nguyễn An được giao nhiệm vụ xây dựng Thành Kinh Bắc và Tử Cấm Thành Bắc Kinh (Bắc Kinh). Quy mô lực lượng lao động của ông theo nghĩa đen là hàng triệu, sáng tác của binh lính, công nhân và tù nhân. Một số lượng lớn người lao động cũng là người Việt Nam, bị nhà Minh bắt giữ trong cuộc xâm lược của họ.
The fact that Juan An (Nguyễn An) was Vietnamese had been obscured in Chinese history for centuries. It is only recently, with long and intricate research, did these facts began to surface. Research made by the University of Cambridge clearly states that “the chief architect was an Annamese eunuch named Juan An (d. 1453) who also played a major role in rebuilding Peking,” (Mote & Twitchett, 1988: 241). Annam is what Vietnam was referred to by the Chinese during this period, even though that was never our official name.
Built from 1406 to 1420, the palace complex has undergone many changes.
After serving as the imperial palace for some five hundred years, the Forbidden City became a museum, the Palace Museum, in 1925. In 1987, it was declared a World Heritage Siteby UNESCO.
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Về sau Lưu Bang lập mưu đánh bại Hạng Vũ và lên ngôi lấy tước hiệu Hán vương đổi thành Hán Hoàng Ðế tức Hán Cao Tổ, thủ đắc nguyên một nước Tàu và xâm chiếm Bách Việt do Tần Thủy Hoàng tạo nên.
Nhà Hán cai trị nước Tàu lâu đời và các nho sĩ nên được ca tụng, tuyên dương, được thổi phồng lên thêm cho nhà Hán rồi sau đó, văn hóa của các nước như: Chu, Sở, Thang, Việt bị lấy và bị mang danh là văn hóa Hán, chữ Hán, trang phục người Hán chữ nho của nước Sở cũng bị biến chế, thay đổi, cải biến và gọi là chữ Hán, và người ở nước Tàu cũng phải nhận mình là người Hán, Hán Nhân, Hán Tử, người bạo gan được gọi là có máu "hảo Hán".
Triều đại nhà Tần, hay nước Tần là Ch’in hay Tsin như người Tây phương gọi họ là China, Chinese, Xina, Sino.
Người Việt vẫn gọi họ là nước Tàu, người Tầu cũng là chữ Tần đọc trại hay đọc sai âm thành Tàu. Ông Cha ta đã gọi nước Tần là nước Tàu. Sau này nhà Minh, nhà Thanh, hay Tôn Dật Tiên có thay đổi thành chữ' Trung quốc', 'Trung Hoa', 'Trung Nguyên' và mang người Tàu trở về thời liên minh của các bộ lạc Hoa Hạ của Hiên Viên Hoàng Đế, thì cũng là mang tranh giành sự chánh danh hoặc tỏ sự uy quyền của đảng phái, triều đại của mình.
Triều đại Tần mà được công nhận và gọi tên mặc dù là một triều đại ngắn, nhưng đã tạo ra nước Tàu trước tiên, dù là Hán, là Thanh, Tống, Minh, Đường... có kéo dài bao nhiêu năm đi nữa, nước Tần đã được tạo ra do người Tần mà có, vì thế tên gọi là China, Chinese, sino, sina, Nước Tàu, người Tàu, hay nước Chai Na, người Chai Na, là đúng.
LA：Sina
TR：Çin
IT：Cina
ER：Ĉinio
ID：Cina, Tiongkok
MY：Cina, China
CZ：Čína
BQ：Txina
DE：China
FR：Chine
NL：China
ES：China
EN：China
IS：Kína
MT：kina
DK：Kina
FI：Kiina
SE：Kina
NO：Kina
CN: 中国
JP：中国
KR：중국
VN：Trung Quoc / Tau
ID： Tiong Kok
RU：Китай
BY：Кітай
BG：Китай
UA：Китай
KZ: Қытай
KG: Кытай
Vậy thì Việt cộng để làm vừa lòng ông Mao, ông Tôn Dật Tiên mà gọi Trung Hoa núi liền núi sông liền sông, bạn vàng, bạn tốt, môi hở răng lạnh... để chúng không đánh chiếm nước ta sao?
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