Sư Quốc Doanh Việt cộng

Đại Chiến Quốc Doanh Tự

😈

Quốc Doanh Tự

Sau vài ngày trình chiếu phim Hoa Sơn Luận Kiếm - Tăng Chiến Chùa Quốc doanh thì dư luận dậy sóng và bộ phim đã chứng minh là một bom tấn trong ngành điện ảnh nước nhà. Thừa thắng xông lên nhà đài liền tung ra tập Hai.

Chuyện kể rằng hai nhân vật chính là Nhặt Tiền và Thái Vong là đồng nghiệp, cùng nhau tạo nghiệp. Sau thời gian với sự bảo kê của các quan lớn trong triều, hai nhân vật này được đưa lên làm bang chủ trụ trì danh bất hư truyền, địa bàn làm ăn được phân chia rõ rệt. Bắc Thái Vong, Nam Nhặt Tiền. Mỗi bên hùng cứ một phương nước sông không phạm nước giếng. Mỗi bên kinh doanh mỗi cách. Bên giải vong còn bên thì đi đã phá tín ngưỡng các phái khác, sang bằng các bang hội cạnh tranh như Thiền Am, và có lúc khiêm luôn nghề đạo diễn phim cấp ba 🐷 rao giảng sex (tình dục)! Nhưng oan gia trái chủ. Một rừng không thể có hai bò 🐄. Vì lòng tham sân si cuồng cuộn nên phái Giác Ngộ muốn sang bằng luôn phái Ba Vàng để làm minh chủ võ lâm thống lãnh giang hồ và thâu tóm hết các con nhang. Từ đó máu nhuộm sân chùa. Đây là một trận thư hùng vô tiền khoáng hậu, long trời lở đất, kinh thiên động địa.

Kẻ bại trận sẽ về quê quy ẩn chăn bò. Còn người chiến thắng sẽ quy Phật tử về một mối. Trong tập Hai: Sau khi hai trụ trì tỷ thí bằng võ mồm mang tính sát thương thì cao trào của bộ phim được đẩy lên đỉnh điểm khi phái Ba Vàng bị phanh phui là không thuộc phái Thiếu Lâm do triều đình cai quản, mà chỉ là một nơi kinh doanh theo Phật giáo và du lịch tín ngưỡng kết hợp, do địa phương quản lý. Nhặt Tiền chỉ mới tung ra chiêu “Hấp diêm đại pháp” mà Thái Vong đã xây xẩm mặt mày. Liệu Thái Vong có dùng tuyệt chiêu “bưng bô đại pháp” để tiễn Nhặt Tiền về quê chăn bò hay sẽ tung ra thủ đoạn tàn độc gì khác. Hai phái này đều được quan triều đình bảo kê vì là kinh doanh béo bở. Nội bộ triều đình cũng đang nóng, lò than cháy hừng hực. 🔥 Liệu sẽ có trùm cuối xuất hiện chăng? Phim đã đến phần gay cấn, hồi hộp… hãy lót dép hóng tập tiếp…

~ Admin team #TmQ

Hai phái này đều được quan triều đình bảo kê vì là kinh doanh béo bở. Nội bộ triều đình cũng đang nóng, lò than cháy hừng hực. 🔥 Liệu sẽ có trùm cuối xuất hiện chăng? Phim đã đến phần gay cấn, hồi hộp… hãy lót dép hóng tập tiếp…

Nguyễn Phú Trọng Triệu Tập Ủy Viên Trương Ương Họp Khẩn về Vụ Hỏa Thiêu Quốc Doanh Tự
https://www.youtube.com/embed/RNogRXgJXoQ



Cuộc Chiến Hỏa Thiêu Quốc Doanh Tự - Tặc Tăng Quốc Doanh: Bắc Thái Minh vs Nam Nhật Từ
https://www.youtube.com/embed/inoJV0KjvbE



Hành động hình thức của chùa Ba Vàng đang "thui chột" dân trí ở thập niên tới
https://youtu.be/IqfrF_xbSNo





🏆 Kèo Giác ngộ đại chiến ba vàng!🥇

Lục lâm và thảo khấu dậy sóng khi hai chưởng môn trụ trì nổi tiếng (và tai tiếng) tuyên chiến trên đỉnh Hoa Sơn để dành địa bàn. Tất cả:
- võ lâm,
- mạng xã hội,
- cõi ta bà,
- giới giang hồ (hội Tam Điểm),
- Mafia,
- xã hội đen,
- sao đỏ và nền vàng

là mafia khoác áo tu) ai ai cũng ủng hộ hai thầy đánh nhau một trận tơi bời hoa lá, đánh cho ra ngô ra khoai, chơi khô máu, và tỉ thí một cách sòng phẳng... mẹ nó, sợ gì! Phải vậy anh em giang hồ và con nhang đệ tử mới nể.

Hiện giờ giang hồ đang mong chờ sự hạ phàm từ chốn sơn lâm (🦍 trường sơn) của các thế ngoại cao nhân đang quy ẩn mê mệt kinh doanh trên các thế ngoại bò viên… í lộn… đào viên, là Bái Đính, Đồng Yên Tử, Tam Chúc v. v... Nếu các cao thủ như Thích Thổ Huyết, Thích Chân Què mà cũng dự đại hội quần hùng Hoa Sơn luận kiếm kỳ này thì giang hồ đẫm máu. Đề nghị các con nhang đệ tử 2 phái cùng tham chiến đánh hội đồng cho oách!

Triều đình sẽ phái quan lớn là đồng chí Tô Bò Giác Vàng để giám sát. Hai thầy trong lúc đang bế quan luyện tập nhưng rất phân tâm và dễ bị tẩu hỏa nhập ma, vì lỡ đi sai một bước là sẽ bị triều đình khiển trách, tước chức trưởng môn, bị trục xuất ra khỏi giang hồ đảng, và bắt hoàn tục về quê chăn bò. Khi đó thì chỉ biết hát bài “oan gia trái chủ”. 🤣😂

Luật của trận tranh hùng kỳ này là tỉ thí võ mồm, nội công, binh khí, võ công, ám khí, đánh lén, thọt gậy bánh xe, nói xấu, tung hình ảnh nhạy cảm v.v... nhưng… cấm không cho núm tóc! Thằng nào chơi xấu núm tóc sẽ thua. 😉

Bắt đầu từ hôm nay team #TmQ của Quân Trương sẽ nhận kèo Từ bò và Minh vong. hai thầy đều ngang tài ngang tật và đều có thế lực thù địt của triều đình chống lưng. Trong lúc mọi người đang lót dép hóng phần tiếp của bộ phim thì mời quí vị bắt kèo. Đao kiếm vô tình các vị thận trọng. Hẹn ngày tái nạm.
TruOnqTV1
https://www.youtube.com/c/TMQtv1/community

Lục lâm và thảo khấu, Ngang tài ngang tật


Cứu cánh biện minh cho phương tiện chủ thuyết cộng sản Việt cộng gạch bỏ / cho ra rìa Phật Pháp Việt Nam.


TruOnqTV1
https://www.youtube.com/c/TMQtv1/community


Kinh Dương Vương (2919–2792 BC; Hán tự: 涇陽王; "King of Kinh Dương") is a king ancient of Vietnamese, mentioned in Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, he was unified all the tribes within his territory into one state, and as the founder of the Hồng Bàng dynasty. Kinh Dương Vương is considered the first king of the Vietnamese people, and was the father of Lạc Long Quân. His reign reported to have lived 260 years.

Kinh Dương Vương's personal name was Lộc Tục (Hán tự: 祿續). According to the 15th-century Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, he ruled over Xích Quỷ (赤鬼, later renamed Văn Lang) starting in 2879 BC. Kinh Dương Vương's father was Đế Minh (帝明, "Emperor Ming" of Chinese and Vietnamese mythology), the descendant of Shennong.[2] His mother was Vụ Tiên Nữ (婺僊女, lit. "Beautiful Immortal Lady, Beautiful Goddess"). Kinh Dương Vương married Shenlong, who was the daughter of Động Đình Quân (Lord of Dongting) and mother of Kinh Dương Vương's successor Lạc Long Quân.

Today Kinh Dương Vương features with other legendary figures such as Thánh Gióng, Âu Cơ, Sơn Tinh and Thủy Tinh, in elementary school texts.[3] A popular shrine, and presumed tomb of Kinh Dương Vương, is located in the village of An Lữ, Thuận Thành District, Bắc Ninh Province .

According to Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, a book written in a Confucian perspective, Kinh Dương Vương originates from China: Emperor Ming, the great-great-grandson of the mythological Chinese ruler Shennong, went on a tour of inspection south of the Nanling Mountains, settled down and married a certain Daughter of Beautiful Immortal Lady (鶩僊女 Vụ Tiên Nữ), who then gave birth to a naturally intelligent son named Lộc Tục (祿續).

After Emperor Ming passed the throne to his eldest son, Emperor Ly(釐) to be king of the North, and Lộc Tục was appointed to be king of the South, his title Kinh Dương Vương (涇陽王). Kinh Duong Vuong was king and ruled from about 2879 BC onwards.[4] The territory of the country under Kinh Dương Vương was claimed to be large, reaching Dongting Lake in the north, the Husunxing (胡猻精; SV: Hồ Tôn Tinh) country (i.e. Champa) in the south, the East Sea (東海, part of the Pacific Ocean) in the east and Ba Shu (巴蜀; now in today Sichuan, China) in the west. Lĩnh Nam chích quái recorded the legend that the king vigorously expelled a murderous god named Xương Cuồng. He married the daughter of the King of Động Đình (洞庭) Lake, named Thần Long (神龍 "Divine Dragon"), who gave birth to a son named Sùng Lãm (崇纜). Sùng Lãm would later succeed Kinh Dương Vương as ruler, titled Dragon Lord of Lạc (貉龍君; SV: Lạc Long Quân).

One prominent group of ancient people in Northern Vietnam (Jiaozhi, Tonkin, Red River Delta region) during the Han dynasty's rule over Vietnam was called the Lac Viet or the Luòyuè in Chinese annals.[13] The Luoyue had been indigenous to the region. They practiced non-Chinese tribal ways and slash-and-burn agriculture.[14][15] According to French sinologist Georges Maspero, some Chinese immigrants arrived and settled along the Red River during the usurpation of Wang Mang (9–25) and the early Eastern Han, while two Han governors of Jiaozhi Xi Guang (?-30 AD) and Ren Yan, with support from Chinese scholar-immigrants, conducted the first "sinicization" on the local tribes by introducing Chinese-style marriage, opening the first Chinese schools, and introducing Chinese philosophies, therefore provoking cultural conflict.[16] American philologist Stephen O'Harrow indicates that the introduction of Chinese-style marriage customs might have come in the interest of transferring land rights to Chinese immigrants in the area, replacing the matrilineal tradition of the area.[17]

The Trưng sisters were daughters of a wealthy aristocratic family of Lac ethnicity.[18] Their father had been a Lac lord in Mê Linh district (modern-day Mê Linh District, Hanoi). Trưng Trắc (Zheng Ce)'s husband was Thi Sách (Shi Suo), was also the Lac lord of Chu Diên (modern-day Khoái Châu District, Hưng Yên Province).[19] Su Ding (governor of Jiaozhi 37–40), the Chinese governor of Jiaozhi province at the time, is remembered by his cruelty and tyranny.[20] According to Hou Hanshu, Thi Sách was "of a fierce temperament".[21] Trưng Trắc, who was likewise described as "possessing mettle and courage",[22] fearlessly stirred her husband to action. As a result, Su Ding attempted to restrain Thi Sách with laws, literally beheading him without trial.[23] Trưng Trắc became the central figure in mobilizing the Lac lords against the Chinese.[24]

In March[8] of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and her younger sister Trưng Nhị (Zheng Er), led the Lac Viet people to rise up in rebellion against the Han.[8][9][25] The Hou Han Shu recorded that Trưng Trắc launched the rebellion in avenge the killing of her dissent husband.[19][verification needed] Other sources indicate that Trưng Trắc's movement towards rebellion was influenced by the loss of land intended for her inheritance due to the replacement of traditional matrilineal customs.[17] It began at the Red River Delta, but soon spread to other Lac tribes and non-Han people from an area stretching from Hepu to Rinan.[18] Chinese settlements were overrun, and Su Ting fled.[24] The uprising gained the support of about sixty-five towns and settlements.[9] Trưng Trắc was proclaimed as the queen.[8] Even though she gained control over the countryside, she was not able to capture the fortified towns.

Tại sao chúng ta nói Tần Thủy Hoàng Là người đầu tiên thâu tóm đại lục Á Đông khi Hoàng Đế được biết là người đầu tiên thâu tóm lục địa bắc Á đông dưới triều đại Hạ, Thương và Chu?

The word 'China' derives from 'Qin,'

Why do we say Qin Shihuangdi was the first invasion of East Asia when it was already invasion by Hoàng Đế of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties?

https://www.quora.com/Why-do-we-say-Qin-Shihuangdi-was-the-first-unifier-of-China-when-China-was-already-unified-under-the-Xia-Shang-and-Zhou-dynasties

《示儿》
China was first invasion by Qin army.

For the Xia tribe, most scholars now consider it mythical. Its kings were more like a warlord of a clan. The territories that Xia tribe owned were very small as well.

For the Shang dynasty, Shang never ruled every single group of Chinese people. Some only paid tribute to Shang court (Zhou was one of them). You could also realize that at the end of dynasty, many feudal states joined with King Wu of Zhou to destroy Shang.

For the Zhou dynasty, the king of Zhou distributed the lands to many of his followers, officials and aristocrats. He was only a titular leader of northern China. Every state accepted the King of Zhou as a universal ruler. However, the real power within the feudal states were in the dukes’hands. In the western Zhou dynasty, these states followed the King of Zhou’s order, however, in the eastern zhou dynasty, no one cared about the King anymore.

The Zhou also failed to subjugate the Chu tribes (later became the state of Chu) at the south.

Unlike three dynasties above, Qin was the first dynasty that invasion the entire of East Asia lands at that time into a single, centralized state. There was no feudal states anymore. Every province was governed by a governor sent by the emperor. It was the feat that no dynasty before Qin had ever achieved.

Qin was the first dynasty that invasion the entire of Eastern Asia lands at that time into a single state, and then up to in one centralized state.

Robert Leo

· May 7, 2021
Xia dynasty so far hasn’t been proven, we shall say.

Archaeological sites have been found for diverse civilizations to coexist in that period, but without writing it is difficult to understand their relationship with each other. Also even Shang dynasty hasn’t been proven for a century, give it some time for breakthroughs.

I don’t know but the archaeological evidence required to accept other civilizations seem to be of a different standard. For example we mostly still can’t read Egyptian scripts, but somehow their long history have been proven? Because the same system of historians and archaeologists made the discoveries and studies while doubting others they were not involved?

Hu Shi Xiong

· September 21

There were descendant states of xia and shang dynasties during zhou era . Its whether they're what was recorded or a different form altogether

Chico Oliveira
· November 11, 2020

If we take seriously everything "western" scholars say then China didn't even exist until recently while Greeks and Romans were "European" blondes rather than Mediterranean (racially, culturally and geographically)

Irin Yuyanlin · March 2, 2017

Your knowledge about chinese history almost can pretend yourself as a chinese.

Phen Su , Historian Answered Sep 21

Because China has different definitions in different periods China originally referred to the Luoyang area, because Luoyang is located in the geographic center of China, so it is called the Central Kingdom, and the Chinese are also called the Central Plains people.

The three dynasties of Xia, Shang, and Zhou ruled only the Central Plains. Chinese scholars believe that what they have achieved is just the unification of the Central Plains.

As the Central Plains people continue to move around, the scope of China has also become larger. King of Zhou more than one hundred feudal states when he was at most, but these countries gradually became stronger, and many countries even developed their own languages and scripts. At this time, China was more like a federal state, and with the decline of King of Zhou, many big countries engaged in annexation wars, and many small countries destroyed.

The State of Qin became the ultimate winner and established the Qin Dynasty. The Qin State abolished the feudal system and established a centralized power system. The Qin Dynasty also included the North and the South under its rule, which added many ethnic minorities to China, and they merged with the Central Plains to become the Han. Chinese scholars believe that it is the china proper that unified it.

The three dynasties of Yuan, Ming, and Qing unified the greater China. The Qing Dynasty used the Eight Banners system to unite China's nomadic and agricultural peoples, and successfully established a multi-ethnic country. Chinese scholars believe that they unified modern China.

Many people will misunderstand the difference between the Han and chinese due to the modern concept of nation-state. so they believe that the Qin State unified China. Many Western history textbooks also use the Qin Dynasty as a starting point to describe China. but The real China has different definitions in different periods.

Qin Shihuang’s historical importance in terms of unification was emphasized in the 19th century as the result of the awakening of nationalism. On the contrary, he was considered a tyrant (a man with a great achievement at the start but fucked it up in his last days so that his regime collapsed shortly).

There wasn’t a clear sense of so-called “unification of China” for the ancient Chinese because, in their view, feudalism and centralization were not much different as long as the legitimacy and supremacy of the central regime were acknowledged. It’s a bit like centralization and decentralization in a modern sense that America is still America even with the neoliberal reform done by Ronald Reagan to cut this and cut that.

So in the fall of the Ming Dynasty, it was a popular belief that the Zhou Dynasty was a very great example as it was able to last for 800 years with feudalism while no other central state can make up even half of it except for the Han Dynasty.

This only changed since the Chinese entered the 19th century that suddenly Qin Shihuang was the first one to “unite” China. For ancient Chinese, the Xia, Shang, and Zhou were all supreme regimes that “ruled” China. They didn’t give much crap, ideologically, that if it was done by bureaucrats or submissive nobles and elites.

I agree that China was ‘unified’ during Xia, Shang, and Zhou but the situations and results are different. During Xia China turns from the Mongol system of selection of a Khan to hereditary succession, Shang is loosely a hereditary confederation like Xia, and Zhou is hereditary succession plus feudalism in the parsing of the land to sons, relatives, those who help to form the empire, and remainders of the previous dynasty. They did not conquer all opponents just win from the head honcho. Qin is different in the following ways, all opponents are won over by the Qin army, ‘one inch of land, one inch of blood’.

Qin unify the writing, unify the measures such as weight and length, unify the roads, change the government to provincial system with local control appointed by the central government and institute the rule of law (at least theoretically with the Emperor above all). Giving all the bad things that Qin did. The major accomplishment of Qin is that it set up a system of government that China more or less follow till 1911. One can always split hairs and argue on terminology, this is what should historians do to present a different point of view. And that is all we can do to question history to see if we can have a different interpretation. Since we do not exist during that time, we are all colored by our own upbringing and ideology.

Brilliance Lee

· November 25

南宋陆游的《示儿》
死去元知万事空，但悲不见九州同。
王师北定中原日，家祭无忘告乃翁。

—

Confucianism has always had the idea of "great unification".

Jay Liu , I've been told I'm Chinese... Answered May 28, 2015 The key word is "unified".

It's probably more accurate to use the word "centralized". Qin SH's real achievement, as Franny Fukuyama points out, is to have established the world's first centralized, standardized, non-regional centric, national bureaucracy.

He made sure that the Imperial bureaucrats were predominantly not from the regions they worked in. He would also regularly rotated the staff so as to prevent any deep, multi-generational ties with the land. Both the people and the local administrators were to be loyal to the Emperor, and not to each other.

In terms of actual "unification" in the strict sense of the word, that came in the form of language (written only of course) and weights and measures standardization.

Before The Qin Empire, the ruling hierarchy in China was quite like that of Europe in the Middle Ages, where a king divides his land and gives each piece of it to a landlord. Each landlord would also divide his land and give a piece to his inferiors. These landlords would only answer to their immediate superiors. More importantly, each landlord would have complete control of his land, even the king could not much about it. That's why the English landlords could force their king to sign a treaty that restrains the king's power. That's also why the king's power was significantly subdued in the era of "Warring States" of China.

It was Qin Shihuang who broke the system. He eliminated all the states and unified them as an empire, where the emperor alone would own all the land and everybody else could only be his servants. All the land under the heaven belongs to the emperor, who would gift some of his land to some of his servants but he could take it back whenever he feels like it. This is what we call "unification".

The big distinction is that before Qin dynasty, because China was so big (i.e. about a quarter of the size of Europe by Zhou dynasty in ~ 1000 BC), the consensus was that one had to have "kings" to govern each region, and all of the "kings" had to have both civilian and military control of his territory, and only went to see the emperor once every couple of years. The generals who fought for the emperor usually get the hereditary title of "king" and get a region to govern in perpetuity. This is similar to the armed aristocracy in Europe.

When Qin Shihuang conquered all the other kingdoms and united China, he had a big debate with the court officials on whether he needed to appoint "kings" to govern each region as before. He decided to eliminate "kings", and instead, divided China into 36 provinces, with court-appointed officials for civilian administration. He also eliminated the military forces traditionally associated with each region, and gathered all the weapons and destroyed them at the Capital.

The Qin dynasty was short-lived and many of its reformed did not last, but over the next thousand years, it became the consensus of China's emperors that regional kings with their private armies was a recipe for endless civil wars, and thus should not be tolerated.

Yes, federal system died in China at that day

Because there was a tremendous difference between the 2.

The former were like the Holy Roman Empire, where there is a emperor, but he only controlled his own duchy and everything else was controlled by various lords, The Qin was essentially the Empire of France under Napoleon.

Xiaolan Yang · May 28, 2015

Probably, the Chinese people will think Napoleon is a pity, almost completed the final unification of Europe.

Kilpatrick Kirksimmons Answered May 17, 2015

The Xia and Shang actually had relatively limited scopes of influence. They may be described as the first civilizations in what we now call China, but they hardly "unified" it. Just as the Etruscans came before the Romans but it was the Romans who united and came up with the concept of "Italia." The Zhou were a bit more powerful, but most of their history saw their power waning after a brief initial period of dominance.

There was a Zhou emperor right up until the Qin period, but he had about as much power as the Holy Roman Emperor, or the Japanese emperor during the Shogun period. So Shihuangdi and the state of Qin really were the first to unite all of the various Chinese states under one ruler. Including, importantly, the non-Han states of southern China. All previous dynasties were focused entirely in the north.

Jie Guang Liu · May 19, 2015

More like Zhou King. Considering that the domain he actually ruled over was actually pretty small if you think about it.

Tris Nguyen · June 7, 2015
The Zhou kings' royal domains were pretty large when it began, and also the most fertile and prosperous. It became "relatively" small at later stages because:

- The western (and larger) part of the royal domains was lost to the Quanrongs.
The Zhou king afterwards granted the (already lost) lands to the state of Qin on the condition that they reconquer them back by themselves. Thus, the state of Qin (relative large even in its earlier stage) was centred on the former western part of Zhou's royal domains.
- Peripheral vassals (Chu in the south, Qin in the west, Qi in the east, Jin and Yan in the north) conquered lands from barbarians and became larger and more powerful.

Noel Leong

, Keen reader of Chinese historical books

Answered Nov 18

Xia, Shang and Zhou were different from the Qin Dynasty and every dynasty since.

Prior to Qin, the ruler of the dynasty used the “King” title and was referred to as 天下共主 (Common/Universal Ruler of the World). It’s basically like the European Union where the leader of a state, say Germany, is considered as the leader of the Union with the declaration of support by the leader of every state in the Union.

The Universal Ruler only ruled its own state but had the power to command the rulers of other states in any military campaign by the possession of an item/items called the Nine Tripod Cauldron (九鼎), which is a reference to the land of China and a symbol of ruler ship by the mandate of heaven. During those days, the land of China was considered as made up by nine regions or states (州): Yang State (扬州), Jing State (荆州), Liang State (粱州), Xu State (徐州), Yu State (豫州), Yong State (雍州), Qing State (青州), Yan State (兖州) and Yi State (翼州).

The Nine Tripod Cauldron or Jiu Ding was lost after Qin State (秦国) conquered the Zhou State (周国) and confiscated the Jiu Ding. When Qin Shihuang became the first emperor of China, the original Jiu Ding was never seen again and disappeared from history. Hence, no one really know whether there were nine items representing the nine region or just one item engraved with the landmarks of the nine regions. Whatever it is, the Jiu Ding was said to be forged by the founder of the Xia Dynasty, Yu the Great (大禹) who tamed the flooding of the Yellow River, and had been passed from ruler to ruler who commanded the support of rulers of all states comprising the dynasty. Each ruler was a feudal lord who had absolute political, economic and military control over the ares ruled by him. The areas ruled by the Universal Ruler was considered as the capital and power center of the dynasty but the King of the dynasty only ruled the areas under his command and not the other states.

The Qin Dynasty was different in that it was the first dynasty in Chinese history that ruled with a de facto central government. It’s like the European Union becomes a Federation with only one ruler who rule all states. Qin Shihuang assumed the title of “Emperor” and exercised effective control over the whole dynasty and not only the areas surrounding the capital. He “nationalized” taxation, civil service and the military; implemented standardization of writing and units of measurement and ruled the whole empire as a state. The dynasty was divided into administrative region and ruled by nobles (later governors) with limited power. Real power rest with central government who set policies and laws for the entire dynasty. The Jiu Ding was no longer relevant though some emperors, like Wu Zetian, forged their own to symbolize they have the Mandate of Heaven to rule.

Those xia, shang and zhou could be half true and half mythologic, but the point is that, in those eras, the known world of the ancestors of Hua xia people was divided into different kingdoms,

each sectors of these places are governed by their own jerks, those that were NOT immediately unified by Qin Shihuangdi are lucky that they were not discovered by the ancestors of Huaxia people, for those that did, even the Chu state which claimed of itself to be a barbarian state, and thus it doesn’t want any business to do with the civil one(the middle state), it also eventually got targeted and ate up.

, history enthusiast

Answered Jan 19

Because Qin Shihuangdi was the first real historical person that we know of that actually unified China. So much of prior periods is veiled in mystery it’s hard to anchor one’s history on it. With Qin, we have concrete evidence and knowledge of how that state was organize, how people lived, much details of its history, how the Shihuangdi grew up, who his mother and father were etc. As oppose to mythical Yellow emperor who supposedly united China 4600 years ago and who was an actual deity.

-> China already stopped to exist and restored back to the countries Dali, Western Xia, Jin, and Song for several hundreds of years before 1200s and

-> it was the Mongolians that ruled these countries from 1200s to 1300s

In the 1600s the Manchus, who were a different people and from a different country, conquered and ruled China for 300 years until 1900s.

So excluding about 500 years when China either was restored into independent countries or ruled by different countries (Mongolia and the Manchus), China has existed only about 1,500 years, and its existence was not continuous.

Mike Chow

Before Qin, it was more like a loose confederation under a Son of Heaven who had a little more actual power compared to the local lords.

Qin Shihuang introduced the first imperial system which consolidated all power under one roof. The system was used for the next two thousand years with sight modifications.

Because the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties were myths and they did not exist. China was first formed in 22 B.C. after Qin Shihuangdi conquered six other countries (Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, Qi, and Chu) and formed China. See

Mike Chow , ex-Quoran Answered May 17, 2015

Before Qin, it was more like a loose confederation under a Son of Heaven who had a little more actual power compared to the local lords. Qin Shihuang introduced the first imperial system which consolidated all power under one roof. The system was used for the next two thousand years with sight modifications.

Johnny Bai , I know a little bit. Answered Aug 14, 2015

Because it is the first time that whole China is under one centralised government. Before that China was a federal state, where the high King did not govern the whole country directly, the federal court do not have direct control over the whole country.

Xiaolan Yang , Ningbo,China Answered May 17, 2015

Originally Answered: Why do we say Qin Shihuangdi was the first unifier of China when China was already unified under the Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties? Because before him,is a national system of enfeoffment,have many kings they had their own country.The king is hereditary But,after Qin Shihuang, only one king ,o no ,only one Emperor,all the land occupation by bureaucratic management,They are not hereditary,only be appointed by the Emperor. The former is like Europe,The latter is like Napoleon

Shannon Chen
Answer ed May 24, 2015

Because before Qin unified China, China existed 6 countries at the same time. It's Qin who defeated all of them and became the empire of China.And the Xia ,Shang,and Zhou dynasties' background were differrent from Qin.

Joseph Boyle , lives in California (1988-present) Answered May 27, 2015

I think we think of it that way because so much about China developed during the Warring States period. The total source material on the early eras is much smaller. The Warring States period has been compared to Classical Greece where thought flourished and was abundantly recorded, becoming a canon for following eras.

Alex Yan , B.A. History & Classics, University of Toronto Answered Jul 11, 2015

Under the Hsia, Shang, and Chou Dynasties, China (term used loosely) was unified in that most regional powers recognized a senior ruler in the person of the King (Hsia and Shang) or Son of Heaven (Chou). These regional powers continue to be autonomous and often belligerent with their neighbours; they also signed treaties and formed alliances with each other freely. The senior ruler, aside from enjoying tributes and ritualistic deference from other rulers, did not govern those other states.

Under the Ch'in Dynasty, China was unified under one government and one ruler. His policy became valid throughout the land, instead of being limited to his own state. More precisely, China, which previously consisted of many states, has come under the dominion of one state and her ruler.

Answered May 27, 2015

Zhou was feudal while Qin was centralistic.

Zhou was divided to hundreds of small feudal states which were very much autonomous. The feudal royals can have their own armies and laws. The emperor had little power in those states though he had his own direct ruled region. That's why in the East Zhou those states fought and annexed each other and finally even the emperor's direct land were conquered by Qin Kingdom.

Qin was divided to many Jun's and each Jun was further divided to many Xian's. (Both Jun/郡 and Xian/县 are translated to County in English, but in Qin dynasty, Jun was a higher level administrative unit than Xian). The head officer of Jun's and Xian's were named by the central government. Qin dynasty formed the centralistic tradition of China's political system. Dynasty after Qin typical didn't allow a feudal nobility have his own land ruled by its own law. West Han after Qin was a transition: only those nobility from the emperor's family were allowed to own their own feuds.

Joseph Boyle · May 27, 2015

Didn't the early Zhou have more central power?

Xiao Chen · May 28, 2015

nobility had the right of self-governing in both west and east Zhou. however, in west zhou, the emperor had the right of giving out and taking back the feuds. and the emperor also had the right to name 2~3 ministers in each of nobility's feuds to “help“ the governing. those rights were lost when the emporer was no longer the strongest power after too much land were given out and the nobility became stronger by annexed each other.

Gwydion Madawc Williams

Read a lot about history, and note some general patterns.

Answered May 27, 2015

He re-unified it in a form that persisted down to the Revolution of 1911-12. Earlier dynasties had rather different values. The various Warring States had their own cultures and might feasibly have developed into separate traditions, as happened with the heirs of the Roman Empire.

Minh , Complete Annals of Đại Việt
Answered Oct 20

It depends on the successor dynasty.
Son of Heaven, will choose a political history to suit his dynasty.

Thiên tử (chữ Hán: 天子)

The title "Son of Heaven" stems from the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, created by the Zhou dynasty monarchs to justify their having deposed the Shang dynasty. They held that Heaven had revoked its mandate from the Shang and given it to the Zhou in retribution for Shang corruption and misrule. Heaven bestowed the mandate on whomever was most fit to rule. The title held the emperor responsible for the prosperity and security of his people by the threat of taking away his mandate.

"Son of Heaven" was often one of several titles adopted by East Asian monarchs. Emperor Taizong of Tang held the Chinese title, Son of Heaven", alongside the Central Asian title, Tengeri Qaghan ("Tenger Khan", or God-like Emperor), which he had gained after defeating the Tujue.

Japanese monarchs likewise used a second title, tennō (天皇, "Heavenly Emperor"), that, like "Son of Heaven", appealed to the emperor's connection to Heaven. The title carried widespread influence across East Asia as the ancient Han Chinese imperial title, tianzi (天子), "Son of Heaven", was later adopted by the Emperor of Japan during the Asuka period.

Japan sent diplomatic missions to China, then ruled by the Sui dynasty, and formed cultural and commercial ties with China.

Japan's Yamato state modeled its government after the Chinese Confucian imperial bureaucracy. A Japanese mission of 607 CE delivered a message from "the Son of Heaven in the land where the sun rises ... to the Son of Heaven in the land where the sun sets."

But the Japanese emperor's title was less contingent than that of his Chinese counterpart; there was no divine mandate that would punish Japan's emperor for failing to rule justly. The right to rule of the Japanese emperor, descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu, was absolute.

Based on epitaphs dating to the 4th and 5th centuries in medieval Korea, the kingdom of Goguryeo had concepts of Son of Heaven (天帝之子) and independent tianxia.

The rulers of Goryeo used the titles of emperor and Son of Heaven and positioned Goryeo at the center of the Haedong "East of the Sea" tianxia, which encompassed the historical domain of the "Samhan", another name for the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

The title was also adopted in Vietnam, known in Vietnamese as Thiên tử (Chữ Hán: 天子). A divine mandate gave the Vietnamese emperor the right to rule, based not on his lineage but on his competence to govern.

Vietnam's adoption of a Confucian bureaucracy, presided over by Vietnam's Son of Heaven, led to the creation of a Vietnamese tributary system in Southeast Asia, modeled after the Chinese Sinocentric system in East Asia.

The burning of books and burying of scholars (Chinese: 焚書坑儒; pinyin: fénshū kēngrú), also known as burning the books and executing the ru scholars, refers to the purported burning of texts in 213 BCE and live burial of 460 Confucian scholars in 212 BCE by the Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang of the Qin dynasty. This was alleged to have destroyed philosophical treatises of the Hundred Schools of Thought, with the goal of strengthening the official Qin governing philosophy of Legalism.

Punishment of the scholars

According to the Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), after Qin Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of China, unified China in 221 BCE, his chancellor Li Si suggested suppressing intellectual discourse to unify thought and political opinion.

Chancellor Li Si said: "I, your servant, propose that all historians' records other than those of Qin's be burned. With the exception of the academics whose duty includes possessing books, if anyone under heaven has copies of the Shi Jing [Classic of Poetry], the Shujing [Classic of History], or the writings of the hundred schools of philosophy, they shall deliver them (the books) to the governor or the commandant for burning. Anyone who dares to discuss the Shi Jing or the Classic of History shall be publicly executed. Anyone who uses history to criticize the present shall have his family executed. Any official who sees the violations but fails to report them is equally guilty. Anyone who has failed to burn the books after thirty days of this announcement shall be subjected to tattooing and be sent to build the Great Wall. The books that have exemption are those on medicine, divination, agriculture, and forestry. Those who have interest in laws shall instead study from officials."

— Shiji Chapter 6. "The Basic Annals of the First Emperor of Qin" thirty-fourth year (213 BC)

Three categories of books were viewed by Li Si to be most dangerous politically. These were poetry (particularly the Shi Jing), history (Shujing and especially historical records of other states than Qin), and philosophy. The ancient collection of poetry and historical records contained many stories concerning the ancient virtuous rulers. Li Si believed that if the people were to read these works they were likely to invoke the past and become dissatisfied with the present. The reason for opposing various schools of philosophy was that they advocated political ideas often incompatible with the totalitarian regime.

Some of the diversity in terms of points of agreement and even outright divergences in modern evaluations of Wu Zetian can be seen in the following quotes by

modern non-Chinese authors:

"Wu Zetian (690–705) was an extraordinary woman, attractive, exceptionally gifted, politically astute and an excellent judge of men. With single minded determination, she overcame the opposition of the Confucian establishment through her own efforts, unique among palace women by not using her own family. "Her rise to power was steeped in blood..." Ann Paludan "To the horror of traditional Chinese historians, all members of the shih class, the continued success of the T'ang was in large measure due to an ex-concubine who finally usurped the throne itself... Though she was ruthless towards her enemies, the period of her ascendency was a good one for China. Government was sound, no rebellions occurred, abuses in the army and administration were stamped out and Korea was annexed, an achievement no previous Chinese had ever managed." Yong Yap Cotterell and Arthur Cotterell.

• "China's only woman ruler, Empress Wu was a remarkably skilled and able politician, but her murderous and illicit methods of maintaining power gave her a bad reputation among male bureaucrats. It also fostered overstaffing and many kinds of corruption." John King Fairbank

The start of the Cultural Revolution brought huge numbers of Red Guards to Beijing, with all expenses paid by the government, and the railway system was in turmoil. The revolution aimed to destroy the "Four Olds" (i.e., old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas) and establish the corresponding "Four News", which could range from changing of names and cutting of hair to the ransacking of homes, vandalizing cultural treasures, and desecrating temples.

: 61–64  In a few years, countless ancient buildings, artifacts, antiques, books, and paintings were destroyed by Red Guards. The status of traditional Chinese culture and institutions within China was also severely damaged as a result of the Cultural Revolution, and the practice of many traditional customs weakened.

The revolution also aimed to "sweep away" all "cow demons and snake spirits", that is, all the class enemies who promoted bourgeois ideas within the party, the government, the army, among the intellectuals, as well as those from an exploitative family background or who belonged to one of the Five Black Categories. Large numbers of people perceived to be "monsters and demons" regardless of guilt or innocence were publicly denounced, humiliated, and beaten. In their revolutionary fervor, students especially the Red Guards denounced their teachers, and children denounced their parents.

: 59–61  Many died through their ill-treatment or committed suicide. In 1968, youths were mobilized to go to the countryside in the Down to the Countryside Movement so they may learn from the peasantry, and the departure of millions from the cities helped end the most violent phase of the Cultural Revolution

Cultural Revolution - Wikipedia

1966–1976 Maoist sociopolitical movement in China Cultural Revolution Duration May 16, 1966 – October 6, 1976 (1966-05-16 – 1976-10-06) (10 years and 143 days) Location People's Republic of China Motive Preserve communism by purging capitalist and traditional elements. Outcome Economic activity halted, historical and cultural material destroyed. Deaths Hundreds of thousands to millions of civilian, Red Guards and military deaths (exact number not known) Property damage Cemetery of Confucius, Temple of Heaven, Ming Tombs Arrests Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen arrested aftermath.

The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until Mao Zedong's death in 1976. Launched by Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC), its stated goal was to preserve Chinese communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Mao Zedong Thought (known outside China as Maoism) as the dominant ideology in the PRC.

The Revolution marked Mao's return to the central position of power in China after a period of less radical leadership to recover from the failures of the Great Leap Forward , which caused the Great Chinese Famine (1959–61). However, the Revolution failed to achieve its main goals. [1] Mao charged that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society with the aim of restoring capitalism. Mao called on young people to " bombard the headquarters ", and proclaimed that "to rebel is justified". The youth responded by forming Red Guards and "rebel groups" around the country. A selection of Mao's sayings were compiled into the Little Red Book , which became a sacred text for Mao's personality cult . They held " denunciation rallies " against revisionists regularly, and grab power from local governments and CCP branches, eventually establishing the revolutionary committees in 1967.

The committees often split into rival factions and involved in armed fights known as ' violent struggles ', to which the army had to be sent to restore order. The Cultural Revolution was characterized by violence and chaos. Death toll estimates vary widely, with roughly 250,000 to 20 million people perishing during the Revolution, [2] a number comparable to various disasters in China by death toll. Beginning with the Red August of Beijing , massacres took place nationwide, including the Guangxi Massacre, in which massive cannibalism also occurred; [3] [4] the Inner Mongolia incident ; the Guangdong Massacre ; the Yunnan Massacres; and the Hunan Massacres. Red Guards destroyed historical relics and artifacts , as well as ransacking cultural and religious sites. The 1975 Banqiao Dam failure, one of the world's greatest technological catastrophes, also occurred during the Cultural Revolution. Meanwhile, tens of millions of people w

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution?wprov=sfla1

Wu Zetian - Wikipedia

Founding empress, Zhou Dynasty (r. 665–690); empress regnant of Wu Zhou (r. 690–705 Wu Zhao , commonly known as Wu Zetian (17 February 624 [note 8] [note 9] – 26 November 705), [3] [4] alternatively Wu Hou , and during the later Tang dynasty as Tian Hou , was the de facto ruler of the Tang dynasty , as a empress consort , first through her husband the Emperor Gaozong and then as a empress dowager , through her sons the Emperors Zhongzong and Ruizong , from 665 to 690. She subsequently became empress regnant of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China, ruling from 690 to 705. [3] She was the only legitimate female sovereign in the history of China.

Under her 40-year reign, China grew larger, corruption in the court was reduced, its culture and economy were revitalized, and it was recognized as one of the great powers of the world. Wu was the concubine of Emperor Taizong. After his death, she married his successor—his ninth son, Emperor Gaozong, officially becoming Gaozong's huanghou (皇后 ), or empress consort, in 655, although having considerable political power prior to this. After Gaozong's debilitating stroke in 660, Wu Zetian became administrator of the court, a position equal to the emperor's, until 705.

After re-entering the Emperor Gaozong's harem, she clashed with Empress Wang and Consort Xiao to gain the emperor's affection, and eventually expelled and killed them. After her wedding to Gaozong in 655, Empress Wu's rise to power was swift.

A strong, charismatic, cunning, vengeful, ambitious and well-educated woman who enjoyed the absolute interest of her husband, Wu was the most powerful and influential woman at court during a period when the Tang Empire was at the peak of its glory. She was more decisive and proactive than her husband, and she is considered by historians to have been the real power behind the throne during the reign of Emperor Gaozong for more than twenty years until his death. “She was at the helm of the country for long years, her power is no different from that of the emperor.” She was wholly present when the Emperor held court, and even held court independently when the Emperor was unwell.

She was given charge of the Heirloom Seal of the Realm, implying that her perusal and consent were necessary before any document or order received legal validity. Gaozong sought her views on all matters before issuing orders. In the last years of his reign until death, Emperor Gaozong was unable to run the state due to illness, so he delegated his responsibilities to Empress Wu. Wu was granted certain honors and privileges which were not enjoyed by any Chinese empresses before or after. After Gaozong's death, Empress Wu as empress dowager and regent conquered power completely and solely, used absolute power more forcefully and violently than before, and suppressed her overt and covert opponents, and seven years later, she seized the throne in the Zhou dynasty, becoming the only empress regnant in Chinese history. Wu Zetian is depicted in

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zetian?wprov=sfla1

Burning of books and burying of scholars - Wikipedia

213–212 BCE philosophical purge in ancient China Qin dynasty Qin Empire in 210 BCE Qin region Outlying regions The burning of books and burying of scholars (Chinese: 焚書坑儒; pinyin: fénshū kēngrú), also known as burning the books and executing the ru scholars, [1] refers to the purported burning of texts in 213 BCE and live burial of 460 Confucian scholars in 212 BCE by the Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang of the Qin dynasty. This was alleged to have destroyed philosophical treatises of the Hundred Schools of Thought, with the goal of strengthening the official Qin governing philosophy of Legalism.

Modern historians doubt the details of the story, which first appeared more than a century later in the Han Dynasty official Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian. As a court scholar, Sima had every reason to denigrate the previous emperor to flatter his own, and later Confucians did not question the story. As one recent historian put it, their message was, "If you take our life, Heaven will take the life of your dynasty." [2] Modern scholars agree that Qin Shi Huang indeed gathered and destroyed many works that he regarded as incorrect or subversive, but he ordered two copies of each school to be preserved in imperial libraries (some were destroyed in the fighting following the fall of the dynasty). He did have scholars killed, but not by being buried alive, and the victims were not "Confucians", since that school had not yet been formed as such.

Punishment of the scholars [ edit ] According to the Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), after Qin Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of China , unified China in 221 BCE, his chancellor Li Si suggested suppressing intellectual discourse to unify thought and political opinion. Chancellor Li Si said: "I, your servant, propose that all historians' records other than those of Qin 's be burned. With the exception of the academics whose duty includes possessing books, if anyone under heaven has copies of the Shi Jing [Classic of Poetry], the Shujing [Classic of History], or the writings of the hundred schools of philosophy, they shall deliver them (the books) to the governor or the commandant for burning.

Anyone who dares to discuss the Shi Jing or the Classic of History shall be publicly executed. Anyone who uses history to criticize the present shall have his family executed. Any official who sees the violations but fails to report them is equally guilty. Anyone who has failed to burn the books after thirty days of this announcement shall be subjected to tattooing and be sent to build the Great Wall. The books that have exemption are those on medicine, divination, agriculture, and forestry. Those who have interest in laws shall instead study from officials." [a] — Shiji Chapter 6. "The Basic Annals of the First Emperor of Qin" thirty-fourth year (213 BC) Three categories of books were viewed by Li Si to be most dangerous politically.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars?wprov=sfla1

Son of Heaven - Wikipedia

Sacred imperial title of the Chinese emperor Son of Heaven was a title of the King Wu of Zhou and subsequent Chinese sovereigns. Son of Heaven, or Tianzi (Chinese: 天子; pinyin: Tiānzǐ), was the sacred monarchical title of the Chinese sovereign. It originated with the Zhou dynasty and was founded on the political and spiritual doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven . Since the Qin dynasty, the secular imperial title of the Son of Heaven was " Huangdi ". The title, "Son of Heaven", was subsequently adopted by other Sinospheric monarchs to justify their rule. The Son of Heaven was the supreme universal monarch, who ruled tianxia (means "all under heaven"). His status is rendered in English as "ruler of the whole world." [1]

The title, "Son of Heaven", was interpreted literally only in China and Japan , whose monarchs were referred to as demigods, deities, or "living gods", chosen by the gods and goddesses of heaven . [2]

History and adoption [edit] The title "Son of Heaven" stems from the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, created by the Zhou dynasty monarchs to justify their having deposed the Shang dynasty. They held that Heaven had revoked its mandate from the Shang and given it to the Zhou in retribution for Shang corruption and misrule. Heaven bestowed the mandate on whomever was most fit to rule. The title held the monarch responsible for the prosperity and security of his people by the threat of taking away his mandate. [2] "Son of Heaven" was often one of several titles adopted by Sinospheric monarchs. The Emperor Taizong of Tang held the title "Son of Heaven", alongside The title " Tengeri Qaghan " which he had gained after defeating the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. [3]

Japanese monarchs likewise used a second title, tennō (天皇, "Heavenly Emperor"), that, like "Son of Heaven", appealed to the emperor's connection to Heaven. [4]

The title carried widespread influence across East Asia as the ancient Chinese monarchical title, tianzi (天子), "Son of Heaven", was later adopted by the Emperor of Japan during the Asuka period. [5]

Japan sent diplomatic missions to China, then ruled by the Sui dynasty, and formed cultural and commercial ties with China. [6] Japan's Yamato state modeled its government after the Chinese Confucian imperial bureaucracy. A Japanese mission of 607 CE delivered a message from "the Son of Heaven in the land where the sun rises... to the Son of Heaven in the land where the sun sets." [5] But the Japanese emperor's title was less contingent than that of his Chinese counterpart; there was no divine mandate that would punish Japan's emperor for failing to rule justly. The right to rule of the Japanese emperor, descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu, was absolute. [7]

Based on epitaphs dating to the 4th and 5th centuries, Gaogouli had concepts of the Son of Heaven (天帝之子) and tianxia. [8] [9] [10]

The rulers of Goryeo used the titles of emperor and Son of Heaven and positioned Goryeo at the center of the Haed

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Heaven?wprov=sfla1

Quincy Bilge
, studied Computer Science Answered Nov 28

This is the most stupid question I ever read about China. Qin Emperor was the first unifier because he unified the classes of people from China into only one. 士: combined 100 schools of ideology into one.

others: measurement system like length, weighth, standards of roads, towns, city. It cannot be like this because Xia or Shang let the feudal lords decided those standards and if you move from Shu to Zhao, your trade could be canceled and your 100 square meters garden you bought could only be 50 square feet. After Qin emperor unified them, trading became more fidelity so the foreign traders can trust merchants from any where in China, such the origin of theory that China was from Cin or Qin .

Rob Harris

, Lived in China 7 years; extensively studied their literature Answered Jan 6, 2021

“China” wasn’t unified under either of those dynasties. Neither of them controlled more than roughly what is now Zhejiang Province.

Answered Mar 11, 2016

1. china was very backward at that time, china was a tribe, not a country.

China was the last of the "ancient" civilizations to develop writing.
China invented writing about 3500 years ago, Oraclebone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Middle East invented writing 5000 years ago.

China entered Iron age 600 years later than Europe and Near East, At the time, European used iron tools, Chinese used primitive tools. Iron Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2. China was enslaved for 2000 years.
China were enslaved by Mongol, Manchu, Xianbei, Khitan, Jurchen empires. Genghis Khan's law, Killing a chinese = killing a donkey. Manchus ruled China for 300 years till 1911.

Manchu conquest of China - Wikipedia
The population rate was 100,000,000 Chinese VS 1.000.000 Manchus.
In WWII, Japan took the Chinese capital and lost only 2000 soldiers.
Battle of Nanking - Wikipedia

Second Sino-Japanese War - Wikipedia
Nanking Massacre - Wikipedia
Russia and USA saved china.

US killed 1 million Japanese soldiers and lost 100,000.

Tianren Tan

, Human Empire history enthusiast and data analyst Answered Sep 21

Pre East Zhou, it was more a tribal alliance system.

East Zhou period, it was a feudal system.

Qin Shihuangdi era, it was the Imperial Dynastic system.

In 221 B.C. Qin conquered the other six other countries: Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, Qi, and Chu and formed China. That is why throughout China’s history, it is restored back multiple times to its previous countries and nationalities for hundreds of years.

What was before Xia Dynasty in China? Where did the Xia people come from?

Yu-Hsing Chen

, history enthusiast, relatively wide knowledge of world history Answered Mar 6, 2016

Xia is basically the period where legends meet real history, at least, to the extend of our current archaeological findings.

The story of Shiji suggest that before Xia, the people elects their leaders who then pass on their leadership to who he sees worthy (this is probably a tribal confederation setup.)

The two man before Xia's founder Yu was named Yao and Shun, during these times the floods of the yellow river were a significant problem, so Yao appointed a man to organize flood control projects. unfortunately he failed and was exiled, Yao also decide to step down as the leader and passed the baton to Shun.

Shun hires Yu, who was the son of the previous (exiled) engineer, to continue the project, Yu tried a new approach and succeeded, it was a major accomplishment that took decades, upon completion Shun decided to hand the leadership role over to Yu.

Yu founded the Xia dynasty, so it was not a different group of people from before.

· March 10, 2016

Rice has been domesticated in China over 10,000 years ago, so the current dating of xia and other sovereign rulers prior may not be correct as it goes beyond that, just wondering if xia or any tribes before that could have established another civilization, could be that Huang Di, Yandi, Shennong lived 10,000 or even 20,000 years ago?

Daniel Walker · August 8, 2020

Rather than pushing back dates of known dynasties and people, I think the answer lies in Shimao. Longshan culture gave birth to the Xia Dynasty and Longshan culture existed long before that dynasty. Shimao is possibly the most significant archaeological find in Chinese history, as it predates the Xia and its architecture is significantly advanced for its time- leading one to conclude that this culture has been advanced for some time. The Xia left no written record and we only know they existed because the Shang Dynasty wrote about them and left a written record, primarily in oracle bones. Despite Chinese history having a long and accurate trove of written records, some people believed the Xia were mythological until archaeology in modern times proved otherwise. As the Xia left no known written account, we can only speculate about what came before, but there is no doubt that a culture as advanced as the Xia and those who built Shimao did not spring up over night. If we could time travel to 10,000 BCE in China, I’m sure we would see quite an advanced society, albeit a more ephemeral one than its dynastic decedents.

Before Xia Dynasty Eastern China was populated by Xia people, which was the eastern branch of the Sino-Tibetan people. Xia(夏) is the ethnicity name of Han Chinese before the rise of Han dynasty in 2th century BC, and it’s still used in modern Tibetan. The pronunciation of 夏:

Old Chinese (6th century BC): gra -> Middle Chinese (7th century AD): ɣɹa -> Mandarin: ɕa (spelled as xia)

The name of Han people in Tibetan:

7th century AD: rgja -> modern Tibetan, Lhasa dialect: ɕa

Male Han Chinese: རྒྱཕོ (ɕa pho, corresponding to “夏夫”)

Female Han Chinese : རྒྱམོ། (ɕa mu, corresponding to “夏母”)

The Hongshan culture in northeast China and Inner Mongolia existed around 7,000 years ago and is the first known Chinese kingdom to work with jade and use dragon motifs. Ruins were first discovered by Japanese archaeologists in the 1930s. According to some interpretations, the Hongshan culture was forced south by sudden desertitification, and ended up mixing with the existing tribes in the Yellow River valley. This also roughly correlates with the legends about the Yellow emperor, whose people fought and eventually merged with the agrarian Yan tribes, at the head of which was Shen Nong (the Divine Farmer) and his ilk.

Ken PW Ong
Gwydion Madawc Williams

, Read a lot about history, and note some general patterns. Answered Mar 6, 2016

The Xia dynasty is known from histories written much later, under the Han Dynasty.
Unlike the Shang Dynasty, known from the Oracle Bones, there is no direct evidence it ever existed.
The Erlitou culture is sometimes identified as the real Xia.

The Han histories has obviously legendary figures before the Xia. Archaeologists find something they call the Longshan culture.
The Xia and the others all seem home-grown, perhaps with some cultural influence from Central Asian peoples who knew of the much older civilisation of Mesopotamia. The chariot was definitely transmitted this way. But there is no evidence of outside conquest or migration. A rather small number of people might have trasmitted the ideas and sold their services to existing rulers.

Ken PW Ong · March 10, 2016

Has there been any study to prove that chariot in china transmitted from Mesopotamia?

Gwydion Madawc Williams · March 11, 2016

The design is similar. Some of the names used look like loanwords.

Gab Chan
, well-read
Answered Mar 26, 2016

The Xia Dynasty (夏朝) is considered semi-mythical because there is some archaeological evidence from the Erlitou Culture (二里頭文化) and there are lots of legends. Currently, the Era of God Emperors (三皇五帝) predate the Xia Dynasty. The Norse also have this blurry continuity from their early history to semi-mythical events and figures.

Tommy Chan · March 26, 2016

Sorry for being off-topic, but I just tried reading Quora answers first then the question second... it's quite good fun O.o

Alfred W Croucher , A diligent student of history and philosophy. Answered Mar 7, 2016

The Chinese people were created by the Yellow Emperor, who invented Chinese medicine, and Shen Nong, who laid down the rules for agriculture. They were on the tail end of the group which came out of Africa around 50,000bc. They intermarried with Dennisovians and Neanderthals a little bit before settling down in the Central China Plains. Some crossed over the Bering Straits about 20,000bc which is why some Indian tribes have similar DNA. They are not related to Peking Man who was from a much earlier group from Homo erectus clan. Definitely not Sapiens. Not even a little bit.

Jone Chou , works at Auditor Answered Mar 6, 2016

Some Chinese historian appoint that, China also has Yu dynasty before Xia. There are three people who names are Yao,Shun and Yu, they are famous in Yu dynasty.

Eric Chan
Updated Jun 19, 2020

The Xia dynasty was a myth. It did not exist. There were just tribal people at that time.

Joseph Boyle , lives in California (1988-present) Answered Mar 6, 2016

According to historians, Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. Archeologically, see List of Neolithic cultures of China

Paul Chen

, History Minor in University Answered Jan 10, 2019

There were many neolithic cultures in china before Xia dynasty. Xia dynasty most likely came from Erlitou culture itself.

The earliest of China's Neolithic Proto-writings come from Jiahu,[6] Dadiwan[1] and Damaidi. These date to 5000–6000BC or 8000 years ago. Later on we have: Banpo and Jiangzhai

Banpo pottery symbols

Jiangzhai pottery symbols

Another group of early symbols, which many have compared to Chinese characters, are the Banpo symbols from sites like Banpo, just east of Xi'an in Shaanxi dating from the 5th millennium BCE,[e] and nearby, at Jiangzhai, in Lintong District, from the early 4th millennium BCE. As the Banpo symbols were discovered fairly early (1954–57)[12] and are relatively numerous (with 22 different symbols on 113 sherds),[13] these have been the focus of the most attention. Some scholars have concluded that they are meaningful symbols like clan emblems or signatures which have some of the quality of writing, perhaps being primitive characters,[14] while others have concluded based on comparisons to oracle bone script that some of them are numerals.

Still others feel they may be ownership mark or potters' marks.[19][20][21]

These symbols are considered proto-writing.

Aside from Proto-writing.

Liangzhu Culture (3400–2250 BC)

The culture possessed advanced agriculture, including irrigation, paddy rice cultivation and aquaculture. Houses were often constructed on stilts, on rivers or shorelines.

here is Liangzhu culture pottery:

In this culture, jade was a precious stone that was appreciated by ancient people just as they are today. And recent archaeological findings show these people had complex and advanced water way works that is older than Mesopotamian water works. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-5147023/Huge-ancient-Chinese-waterway-found.html

Other neolithic cultures:

18000–7000BC Xianren Cave culture 仙人洞、吊桶环遗址 Wannian County, Shangrao, Jiangxi.
A 2012 publication in the Science journal, announced that the earliest pottery yet known anywhere in the world was found at this site dating to between 20,000 and 19,000 years before present.

8500–7700 BC Nanzhuangtou culture 南莊頭遺址 Yellow River region in southern Hebei
7500–6100BC Pengtoushan culture 彭頭山文化 Ccentral Yangtze region in northwestern Hunan
7000–5000BC Peiligang culture 裴李崗文化 Yi-Luo river basin valley in Henan

6500–5500Houli culture 後李文化 Shandong
6200–5400Xinglongwa culture 興隆洼文化 Inner Mongolia-Liaoning border
Some of the oldest Comb Ceramic artifacts were found in the Xinglongwa culture
From examined samples, the average height of male was between 163.8 cm and 168.8 cm, while the average height of female between 153.4 cm – 159.9 cm. Both male and female Xinglongwa
individuals showed strong Mongoloid cranial features[1], and are thought to be the distant ancestors of the present-day Tungusic peoples.
6000–5000Kuahuqiao culture 跨湖桥文化 Zhejiang

A very early dugout canoe was revealed; this demonstrates the earliest technology for constructing this type of watercraft in China, and perhaps the world.The earliest domesticated peach was found here. The second oldest remains of peach have been found at Neolithic Tianluoshan site, also in Zhejiang Province.

6000–5500Cishan culture 磁山文化 southern Hebei
Over 500 subterranean storage pits were discovered at Cishan. These pits were used to store millet. The largest pits were 5 meters deep and capable of storing up to 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) of millet.

5800–5400Dadiwan culture 大地灣文化 Gansu and western Shaanxi
The foundation of a large building, measuring 290 m2 and 420 m2 when including the outer courtyard, was discovered at Dadiwan. The building, known as F901, is described by Chinese archaeologists as a communal meeting hall. The building was built on an elevated rammed earth foundation, which was then layered with burnt clay. 5500–4800Xinle culture 新樂文化 lower Liao River on the Liaodong Peninsula

5400–4500Zhaobaogou culture 趙宝溝文化 Luan River valley in Inner Mongolia and northern Hebei
The culture produced sand-tempered, incised pottery vessels with geometric and zoomorphic designs. The culture also produced stone and clay human figurines.
5300–4100Beixin culture 北辛文化 Shandong
5000–4500Hemudu culture 河姆渡文化 Yuyao and Zhoushan, Zhejiang
5000–3000Daxi culture 大溪文化 Three Gorges region
5000–3000Majiabang culture 馬家浜文化Lake Tai area and north of Hangzhou Bay
5000–3000Yangshao culture 仰韶文化 Henan, Shaanxi, and Shanxi
4700–2900Hongshan culture 紅山文化 Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, and Hebei
The representatives of the Hongshan Culture location Niuheliang (6500–5000 BP) identified 3 different Y-chromosome subclades haplotypes: N1 (xN1a, N1c), C and O3a (O3a3)

Hongshan burial artifacts include some of the earliest known examples of jade working. The Hongshan culture is known for its jade pig dragons and embryo dragons. Clay figurines, including figurines of pregnant women, are also found throughout Hongshan sites. Small copper rings were also excavated.[3] 4100–2600Dawenkou culture 大汶口文化 Shandong, Anhui, Henan, and Jiangsu

Dawenkou's inhabitants were the earliest practitioners of trepanation in prehistoric China. A skull of a Dawenkou man dating to 3000 BC was found with severe head injuries which appeared to have been remedied by this primitive surgery.[15]
3800–3300Songze culture 崧澤文化 Lake Tai area
3400–2250Liangzhu culture 良渚文化 Yangtze River Delta
3100–2700Majiayao culture 馬家窯文化 upper Yellow River region in Gansu and Qinghai
3100–2700Qujialing culture 屈家嶺文化 middle Yangtze region in Hubei and Hunan
3000–2000Longshan culture 龍山文化central and lower Yellow River
2800–2000Baodun culture寶墩文化 Chengdu Plain
2500–2000Shijiahe culture 石家河文化 middle Yangtze region in Hubei

1900–1500Yueshi culture 岳石文化 lower Yellow River region in Shandong
CHINA - Archaeology Magazine


CHINA: The ruins of a massive walled city from the site of Shimao in northern China are revising ancient Chinese history. Archaeologists originally thought the site was part of the Great Wall, since they had not expected to find an enormous prehistoric complex in such a peripheral region. Shimao, however, apparently flourished around 2000 B.C., when it was the largest known settlement in China. At its center was a 230-foot-tall stepped pyramid, which contained 11 platforms and was used as a residential palace for local rulers

After Neolithic:
Erlitou culture
Erlitou culture - Wikipedia


Sanxingdui - Wikipedia




Erlitou culture (1900–1500 BC) in northern China, based on Liu Li and Chen Xingcan (2012), The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age.
Sanxingdui

Là di chỉ vương quốc Thục cách đây khoảng 5000 đến 3000 năm. Di chỉ Tam Tinh Đôi chỉ được phát hiện vào mùa xuân năm 1929, trong lúc một người nông dân ra làm ruộng đã phát hiện một đống đồ ngọc tinh xảo đẹp mắt. Di chỉ Tam Tinh Đôi đại diện cho di chỉ đồ đồng của nước Thục cổ, đánh thức nền văn minh Tam Tinh Đôi của nước Thục trong suốt 3000 năm lịch sử.

Năm 1986, các nhà khảo cổ khai quật ra hai hầm làm lễ tế rất quy mô, hơn 1000 văn vật quý đẹp tuyệt vời và làm rung động cả thế giới cổ vật. Cùng với việc khai quật ra hàng loaṭ văn vật quý hiếm tinh xảo và mang tính chất thần bí, những điều bí ẩn của lịch sử cũng lần lượt xuất hiện. Hiện nay, bảo tàng Tam Tinh Đôi tỉnh Tứ Xuyên là bảo tàng thu hút du khách với bộ sưu tập đồng hiếm có của nước Thục xưa, là nơi nghiên cứu của các nhà khoa học. Mặt nạ đồng[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Mặt nạ đồng là một trong những cổ vật quý hiếm và kỳ lạ nhất trong bộ sưu tập hơn 1000 cổ vật Tam Tinh Đôi. Kỳ lạ là tại khu vực Hà Nam chỉ khai quật văn minh Tam Tinh Đôi chỉ có đỉnh, chậu,... trong khi đó, tượng mặt nạ Tam Tinh Đôi lại miêu tả một khuôn mặt khác hoàn toàn với người đương đại, mắt to, mồm bẹp và rộng, lông mày rậm, không có cằm, khuôn mặt nửa cười, nửa giận.

Cho đến thời điểm hiện tại, người ta vẫn không hiểu, khuôn mặt này biểu thị cho cái gì, miêu tả ai và dùng để làm gì là một câu hỏi các nhà khoa học chưa có lời giải đáp.

Tem bưu chính Tam Tinh Đôi[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Di chỉ đồ đồng Tam Tinh Đôi hiện nay được đưa lên bộ tem bưu chính do Trung Quốc phát hành năm 2012 với 1 block và 2 tem.[1]

-------------------------------

chúng ta nghĩ về nó theo cách đó bởi vì rất nhiều về Trung Quốc đã phát triển trong thời Chiến Quốc. Tổng tài liệu nguồn trên các thời kỳ đầu nhỏ hơn nhiều. Thời Chiến Quốc đã được so sánh với Hy Lạp cổ điển, nơi tư tưởng phát triển mạnh mẽ và được ghi lại rất nhiều, trở thành một kinh điển cho các thời đại tiếp theo.

Dưới thời các triều đại Hsia, Shang và Chou, Trung Quốc (thuật ngữ được sử dụng một cách lỏng lẻo) đã được thống nhất ở chỗ hầu hết các cường quốc khu vực đều công nhận một người cai trị cao cấp trong con người của Vua (Hsia và Shang) hoặc Con trai của Thiên đàng (Chou). Các cường quốc khu vực này tiếp tục tự trị và thường hiếu chiến với các nước láng giềng; Họ cũng ký các hiệp ước và thành lập liên minh với nhau một cách tự do. Người cai trị cao cấp, ngoài việc được hưởng cống phẩm và sự tôn trọng theo nghi thức từ những người cai trị khác, đã không cai trị các quốc gia khác.

Dưới triều đại nhà Thanh, Trung Quốc được thống nhất dưới một chính phủ và một người cai trị. Chính sách của ông trở nên có giá trị trên khắp đất nước, thay vì bị giới hạn trong nhà nước của chính ông, Trung Quốc, trước đây bao gồm nhiều quốc gia, đã nằm dưới sự thống trị của một quốc gia và người cai trị của nó.

"Con trai của Thiên đàng" thường là một trong nhiều danh hiệu được các vị vua Đông Á chấp nhận. Hoàng đế Taizong của nhà Đường giữ danh hiệu Trung Quốc, Con trai của Thiên đàng, cùng với danh hiệu Trung Á, Tengeri Qaghan ("Tenger Khan", hoặc Hoàng đế giống như Chúa), mà ông đã đạt được sau khi đánh bại Tujue.

Các vị vua Nhật Bản cũng sử dụng một danh hiệu thứ hai, tennō (天皇, "Thiên hoàng"), giống như "Con trai của Thiên đường", kêu gọi mối liên hệ của Thiên hoàng với Thiên đàng. Danh hiệu này mang ảnh hưởng rộng rãi trên khắp Đông Á như danh hiệu hoàng gia Hán cổ đại, tianzi (天子), "Con trai của Thiên đường", sau đó được Hoàng đế Nhật Bản thông qua trong thời kỳ Asuka.

Nhật Bản đã gửi các phái đoàn ngoại giao đến Trung Quốc, sau đó được cai trị bởi triều đại nhà Tùy, và hình thành quan hệ văn hóa và thương mại với Trung Quốc.

Nhưng tước hiệu của Thiên hoàng Nhật Bản ít phụ thuộc hơn so với người đồng cấp Trung Quốc; không có mệnh lệnh thiêng liêng nào có thể trừng phạt hoàng đế Nhật Bản vì không cai trị một cách công bằng. Quyền cai trị của hoàng đế Nhật Bản, hậu duệ của nữ thần mặt trời Amaterasu, là tuyệt đối.

Dựa trên các văn bia có niên đại từ thế kỷ thứ 4 và thứ 5 ở Hàn Quốc thời trung cổ, vương quốc Goguryeo có khái niệm Con trai của Thiên đàng (天帝之子) và Thiên Hạ độc lập.

Những người cai trị Cao Ly đã sử dụng các danh hiệu hoàng đế và Con trai của Thiên đàng và đặt Cao Ly ở trung tâm của Haedong "Đông biển" tianxia, bao gồm lãnh địa lịch sử của "Samhan", một tên gọi khác của Tam Quốc Triều Tiên.

Danh hiệu này cũng được thông qua ở Việt Nam, được biết đến trong tiếng Việt là Thiên tử (Chữ Hán: 天子). Một mệnh lệnh thiêng liêng đã trao cho hoàng đế Việt Nam quyền cai trị, không dựa trên dòng dõi của ông mà dựa trên năng lực cai trị của ông.

Việc Việt Nam chấp nhận một bộ máy quan liêu Nho giáo, do Con Thiên đàng của Việt Nam chủ trì, đã dẫn đến việc tạo ra một hệ thống chư hầu của Việt Nam ở Đông Nam Á, theo mô hình hệ thống Trung Quốc ở Đông Á.

Việc đốt sách và chôn cất các học giả (tiếng Trung: 焚書坑儒; bính âm: fénshū kēngrú), còn được gọi là đốt sách và xử tử các học giả ru, đề cập đến việc đốt các văn bản có chủ đích vào năm 213 trước Công nguyên và chôn cất sống 460 học giả Nho giáo vào năm 212 trước Công nguyên bởi hoàng đế Trung Quốc Tần Thủy Hoàng của triều đại nhà Tần. Điều này được cho là đã phá hủy các chuyên luận triết học của Trăm trường phái tư tưởng, với mục tiêu củng cố triết lý cai trị chính thức của Tần về Chủ nghĩa pháp lý. Hình phạt của các học giả

Theo Sử ký của Tư Mã Thiên về Đại sử gia (Shiji), sau khi Tần Thủy Hoàng Đế, hoàng đế đầu tiên của Trung Quốc, thống nhất Trung Quốc vào năm 221 trước Công nguyên, thừa tướng Lý Tứ của ông đã đề nghị đàn áp diễn ngôn trí tuệ để thống nhất tư tưởng và quan điểm chính trị.

Thừa tướng Lý Tư nói: "Ta, đầy tớ của ngươi, đề nghị đốt tất cả hồ sơ của các nhà sử học ngoại trừ hồ sơ của Tần. Ngoại trừ các học giả có nhiệm vụ sở hữu sách, nếu bất cứ ai dưới thiên đàng có bản sao của Shi Jing [Kinh điển của thơ], Shujing [Kinh điển của Lịch sử], hoặc các tác phẩm của hàng trăm trường phái triết học, họ sẽ giao chúng (sách) cho thống đốc hoặc chỉ huy để đốt. Bất cứ ai dám thảo luận về Shi Jing hoặc Classic of History sẽ bị xử tử công khai.

Bất kỳ quan chức nào nhìn thấy các vi phạm nhưng không báo cáo chúng đều có tội như nhau. Bất cứ ai không đốt sách sau ba mươi ngày kể từ ngày thông báo này sẽ bị xăm mình và được gửi đến để xây dựng Vạn Lý Trường Thành. Những cuốn sách được miễn trừ là những cuốn sách về y học, bói toán, nông nghiệp và lâm nghiệp. Thay vào đó, những người quan tâm đến pháp luật sẽ học hỏi từ các quan chức".

- Shiji Chương 6. "Biên niên sử căn bản của Hoàng đế đầu tiên của Tần" năm thứ ba mươi tư (213 TCN)

Ba thể loại sách được Lý Tư xem là nguy hiểm nhất về mặt chính trị. Đó là thơ ca (đặc biệt là Shi Jing), lịch sử (Thục Kinh và đặc biệt là các ghi chép lịch sử của các quốc gia khác ngoài Tần) và triết học. Bộ sưu tập thơ ca và ghi chép lịch sử cổ xưa chứa đựng nhiều câu chuyện liên quan đến những người cai trị đạo đức cổ đại. Li Si tin rằng nếu mọi người đọc những tác phẩm này, họ có khả năng gọi quá khứ và trở nên không hài lòng với hiện tại. Lý do phản đối các trường phái triết học khác nhau là họ ủng hộ các ý tưởng chính trị thường không tương thích với chế độ toàn trị.

Một số sự đa dạng về các điểm đồng ý và thậm chí cả sự khác biệt hoàn toàn trong các đánh giá hiện đại về Wu Zetian có thể được nhìn thấy trong các trích dẫn sau đây của

Các tác giả không phải người Trung Quốc hiện đại:

Ngô Trạch Thiên (690-705) là một người phụ nữ phi thường, hấp dẫn, có năng khiếu đặc biệt, sắc sảo về chính trị và là một thẩm phán xuất sắc của đàn ông. Với quyết tâm duy nhất, bà đã vượt qua sự phản đối của cơ sở Nho giáo bằng nỗ lực của chính mình, duy nhất trong số các cung nữ bằng cách không sử dụng gia đình của chính mình. "Sự trỗi dậy quyền lực của cô ấy đã thấm đẫm máu..."

Ann Paludan "Trước sự kinh hoàng của các nhà sử học truyền thống Trung Quốc, tất cả các thành viên của tầng lớp shih, sự thành công liên tục của T'ang phần lớn là do một người vợ lẽ cũ cuối cùng đã chiếm đoạt ngai vàng... Mặc dù bà tàn nhẫn với kẻ thù của mình, thời kỳ lên ngôi của bà là một giai đoạn tốt cho Trung Quốc. Chính phủ là lành mạnh, không có cuộc nổi loạn nào xảy ra, sự lạm dụng trong quân đội và chính quyền đã bị dập tắt và Triều Tiên bị sáp nhập, một thành tựu mà không có người Trung Quốc nào trước đây từng làm được. Yong Yap Cotterell và Arthur Cotterell.

• "Người phụ nữ cai trị duy nhất của Trung Quốc, Hoàng hậu Wu là một chính trị gia có kỹ năng và khả năng đáng chú ý, nhưng các phương pháp giết người và bất hợp pháp của bà để duy trì quyền lực đã mang tiếng xấu trong số các quan chức nam. Nó cũng thúc đẩy tình trạng thừa nhân sự và nhiều loại tham nhũng". John King Fairbank Sự khởi đầu của Cách mạng Văn hóa đã mang lại một số lượng lớn Hồng vệ binh đến Bắc Kinh, với tất cả các chi phí do chính phủ chi trả, và hệ thống đường sắt rơi vào tình trạng hỗn loạn. Cuộc cách mạng nhằm tiêu diệt "Bốn người già" (tức là phong tục cũ, văn hóa cũ, thói quen cũ và ý tưởng cũ) và thiết lập "Bốn tin tức" tương ứng, có thể bao gồm từ việc thay đổi tên và cắt tóc đến lục soát nhà, phá hoại kho tàng văn hóa và mạo phạm đền thờ.

: 61–64 Trong một vài năm, vô số tòa nhà cổ, đồ tạo tác, đồ cổ, sách và tranh vẽ đã bị Hồng vệ binh phá hủy. Vị thế của văn hóa và thể chế truyền thống Trung Quốc ở Trung Quốc cũng bị tổn hại nghiêm trọng do Cách mạng Văn hóa, và việc thực hành nhiều phong tục truyền thống bị suy yếu.

Chu là chế độ bộ lạc, hay quân chủ phần quyền, trong khi Tần là trung ương tập quyền không có nước chư hầu mà huyện, quận.

Chu được chia thành hàng trăm quốc gia chư hầu nhỏ, mỗi nước chư hầu có rất nhiều quyền tự trị.
Các hoàng tộc chư hầu có quân đội và luật pháp riêng. Hoàng đế có rất ít quyền lực trong các quốc gia đó mặc dù ông cai trị trực tiếp các nước/bộ lạc chu hầu của riêng mình.

Đó là lý do tại sao ở Đông Chu các quốc gia đó đã đánh nhau tranh quyền và thôn tính lẫn nhau, ngay cả vùng đất trực tiếp của hoàng đế cũng bị nước chư hầu là Tần trở nên mạnh nhất đánh chiếm và cai trị.

Quý tộc có quyền tự trị ở cả Tây và Đông Chu. Tuy nhiên, ở Tây Chu, hoàng đế có quyền cho đi và lấy lại mối thù. Và hoàng đế cũng có quyền bổ nhiệm 2 ~ 3 bộ trưởng trong mỗi mối thù của giới quý tộc để "giúp đỡ" chính quyền. Những quyền đó đã bị mất khi Emporer không còn là quyền lực mạnh nhất sau khi có quá nhiều đất đai được trao và giới quý tộc trở nên mạnh mẽ hơn bằng cách sáp nhập lẫn nhau.

Tần đã thâu tóm các nước trong một hình thức kéo dài đến Cách mạng 1911-12.

Các triều đại trước đó có những giá trị khá khác nhau. có nền văn hóa riêng tiếng nói, chữ viết và phong tục riêng của họ vì họ đã phát triển thành các truyền thống riêng biệt khi mới lập thành quốc gia chư hầu như đã có những người thừa kế của Đế chế La Mã ở Tầy phương.

Con trai của Thiên tử, sẽ chọn một triều đại kế vị và cai quản trong guồng máy chính trị phù hợp với triều đại của mình.

Thiên tử (chữ Hán: 天子)

Dưới danh hiệu "Con trai của Thiên tử" được tạo ra cho khái niệm Thiên mệnh bởi các vị vua triều đại nhà Chu, Lập nên quan niệm này để biện minh cho việc quyền truất phế nhà Thương. Họ đặt ra quan niệm Thiên Hoàng đã thu hồi quyền hành từ nhà Thương và trao nó cho nhà Chu để phạt nhà vua cho sự tham nhũng và cai trị sai lầm của nhà Thương.

Với ý niệm Thiên Hoàng ban nhiệm vụ cho bất cứ ai phù hợp nhất để cai trị các nước. Danh hiệu "Thiên Tử" này buộc hoàng đế phải tạo ra sự thịnh vượng và an ninh của người dân bằng cách đe dọa lấy đi nhiệm vụ của họ.

Thời Tần, nhà Tần được chia thành nhiều Jun/quận và mỗi Jun được chia thành nhiều người Xian/huyện. (Cả Jun/郡 và Xian/县 đều được dịch sang tiếng Anh, nhưng vào thời nhà Tần, Jun là một đơn vị hành chính cấp cao hơn quận Tây An). Viên chức quan quyền đứng đầu của Jun và Xian được chính quyền trung ương bổ nhiệm. Nhà Tần lập nên chính quyền tập trung trong hệ thống chính trị của vùng đất Trung Quốc. Triều đại sau nhà Tần (Hán) cũng không trao quyền hành cho tầng lớp quý tộc đất đai riêng cho họ và họ cũng không còn quyền hành cai trị với luật pháp riêng cho họ nữa. Nhưng đến đời Tây Hán sau Tần là một quá trình chuyển đổi: chỉ những quý tộc từ gia đình hoàng đế mới được phép sở hữu mối đặc quyền của riêng họ.

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Nhà Tần, Chu và Thương Chu là chế độ bộ lạc, hay quân chủ phần quyền, trong khi Tần là trung ương tập quyền không có nước chư hầu mà huyện, quận. Chu được chia thành hàng trăm quốc gia chư hầu nhỏ, mỗi nước chư hầu có rất nhiều quyền tự trị. Các hoàng tộc chư hầu có quân đội và luật pháp riêng. Hoàng đế có rất ít quyền lực trong các quốc gia đó mặc dù ông cai trị trực tiếp các nước/bộ lạc chu hầu của riêng mình. Đó là lý do tại sao ở Đông Chu các quốc gia đó đã đánh nhau tranh quyền và thôn tính lẫn nhau, ngay cả vùng đất trực tiếp của hoàng đế cũng bị nước chư hầu là Tần trở nên mạnh nhất đánh chiếm và cai trị. Đó là lý do tại sao ở Đông Chu các quốc gia đó đã đánh nhau tranh quyền và thôn tính lẫn nhau, ngay cả vùng đất trực tiếp của hoàng đế cũng bị nước chư hầu là Tần trở nên mạnh nhất đánh chiếm và cai trị. Quý tộc có quyền tự trị ở cả Tây và Đông Chu. Tuy nhiên, ở Tây Chu, hoàng đế có quyền cho đi và lấy lại mối thù. Và hoàng đế cũng có quyền bổ nhiệm 2 ~ 3 bộ trưởng trong mỗi mối thù của giới quý tộc để "giúp đỡ" chính quyền. Những quyền đó đã bị mất khi Emporer không còn là quyền lực mạnh nhất sau khi có quá nhiều đất đai được trao và giới quý tộc trở nên mạnh mẽ hơn bằng cách sáp nhập lẫn nhau. Tần đã thâu tóm các nước trong một hình thức kéo dài đến Cách mạng 1911-12. Các triều đại trước đó có những giá trị khá khác nhau. có nền văn hóa riêng tiếng nói, chữ viết và phong tục riêng của họ vì họ đã phát triển thành các truyền thống riêng biệt khi mới lập thành quốc gia chư hầu như đã có những người thừa kế của Đế chế La Mã ở Tầy phương. Con trai của Thiên tử, sẽ chọn một triều đại kế vị và cai quản trong guồng máy chính trị phù hợp với triều đại của mình. Thiên tử (chữ Hán: 天子) Dưới danh hiệu "Con trai của Thiên tử" được tạo ra cho khái niệm Thiên mệnh bởi các vị vua triều đại nhà Chu, Lập nên quan niệm này để biện minh cho việc quyền truất phế nhà Thương. Họ đặt ra quan niệm Thiên Hoàng đã thu hồi quyền hành từ nhà Thương và trao nó cho nhà Chu để phạt nhà vua cho sự tham nhũng và cai trị sai lầm của nhà Thương. Với ý niệm Thiên Hoàng ban nhiệm vụ cho bất cứ ai phù hợp nhất để cai trị các nước. Danh hiệu "Thiên Tử" này buộc hoàng đế phải tạo ra sự thịnh vượng và an ninh của người dân bằng cách đe dọa lấy đi nhiệm vụ của họ. Thời Tần, nhà Tần được chia thành nhiều Jun/quận và mỗi Jun được chia thành nhiều người Xian/huyện. (Cả Jun/郡 và Xian/县 đều được dịch sang tiếng Anh, nhưng vào thời nhà Tần, Jun là một đơn vị hành chính cấp quận cao hơn cấp huyện Tây An. Viên chức quan quyền đứng đầu của Jun và Xian được chính quyền trung ương bổ nhiệm. Thời nhà Tần, Jun là một đơn vị hành chính cấp quận cao hơn cấp huyện Tây An. Viên chức quan quyền đứng đầu của Jun và Xian được chính quyền trung ương bổ nhiệm.. Nhà Tần lập nên chính quyền tập trung trong hệ thống chính trị của vùng đất Trung Quốc. Triều đại sau nhà Tần (Hán) cũng không trao quyền hành cho tầng lớp quý tộc đất đai riêng cho họ và họ cũng không còn quyền hành cai trị với luật pháp riêng cho họ nữa. Nhưng đến đời Tây Hán sau Tần là một quá trình chuyển đổi: chỉ những quý tộc từ gia đình hoàng đế mới được phép sở hữu mối đặc quyền của riêng họ.