Population Structure Among Han Chinese Is the Same as Among Native Britons
Han Chinese living in different provinces of China are about as closely related to one another as native Britons living in different areas of Britain
Writter: Noah Carl
Jul 16, 2017
I noted in a previous post that that there appears to be very little genetic structure (differentiation) within the native British population. A new study by Chiang et al. (2017) documents that there is also very little population structure within the native Han Chinese population.
Chiang et al.’s Figure S4 shows pairwise Fst values (roughly the proportion of variance between groups) for 19 Chinese provinces (multiplied by 10,000 for clarity):
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Values range from Fst ≈ 0 to Fst = 0.0029, with an average that looks to be about Fst ≈ 0.0008. These are highly similar to the values documented by Leslie et al. (2015) for areas of Britain, which ranged from Fst ≈ 0 to Fst = 0.003, with an average of Fst =0.0007.
It follows that Han Chinese living in different provinces of China are about as closely related to one another as native Britons living in different areas of Britain.
Population Structure Among Han Chinese Is the Same as Among Native Britons
Source:
https://noahcarl.medium.com/population-structure-among-han-chinese-is-about-the-same-as-among-native-britons-b0b0896dbce7
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Grave - from 21 BPM to 40 BPM
Lento - from 41 BPM to 45 BPM
Largo - from 46 BPM to 50 BPM
Adagio - from 51 BPM to 60 BPM
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Allegretto - from 98 BPM to 109 BPM
Allegro - from 110 BPM to 132 BPM
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The scale has some pretty spicy modes too like the Lydian #2 #6, Ultra Phrygian, Gypsy minor, Oriental, Ionian augmented #2 and Locrian double flat 3 double flat 7 mode.
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Tuesday, August 1, 2023
Saigon 1971 South Vietnam
https://youtu.be/r-2a8vQq_BA
The Unlucky Country
After 1975, under the evil dictatorship Vietnamese communist rulers...
South Vietnam - the former Republic Vietnam - was bloodily killed by the evil dictatorship Vietnamese Communist Party in April, 30 - 1975.
The evil dictatorship Vietnamese communist party has been following their corrupted dictatorship ancestors feudal leaders to make Vietnamese people to stay poor forever and only able to provide cheap labor to benefit capitalist companies and the evil dictatorship Vietnamese communist party leaders and their small clans followers!
People have no incentive to work honesty because the whole environment and working culture is dishonest! They were suffering from having nothing in 1955 - 1985 under the centralized economic system learned from communist Russia and China. They are now easily brainwashed to be happy with their monthly average income of $150-$350 with horrible healthcare, pollution, education, infrastructure, freedom, human rights, etc.
Their crazy economical policy has been called “Market Economy Under Guidance of Socialism “ (Kinh Te Thi Truong Theo Dinh Huong XHCN!) meaning people are allowed to make money (so that business people have money to share/ bribe the Government) but business are not allowed to make too much money to be more influential than the dictatorship Vietnamese communist party. The successful business class of people will be a threat to the small controlling group of the Party). Therefore big successful business will be brought down to make sure that they will not be above the Party.
The evil dictatorship Vietnamese communist party knows that MONEY TALKS louder than Loving the country. The class of successful business people will certainly pose the threat to the Party (just like in Japan the successful business people had eliminated the Samurai class). Therefore no big successful business are allowed by the evil dictatorship communist party!
——.
Copy: I am living in Vietnam now and here are the reasons I've found:
1. Too much governmental debts and threats to the nation's bankruptcy.
2. Too much corruption and bribery.
3. Uneffective governmental expenditure & investment.
4. State-owned companies and its bad debts.
5. Lazy governmental officers and intransparent recruitment.
6. Only FDI's companies work well.
7. Socialism-centric market economy.
1. Too much governmental debts and threats to the nation's bankruptcy.
- Vietnam has several years of fairly good market growth during late 1900s until 2000s after the country decided to open its market in 1986 (also known as Doi Moi - Renovation). However, since 2015, it turned to heavy inflation each year and thus, its currencies (Vietnam Dong -VND) have been devalued many times.
- For example, in 2000, you can eat one bowl of Pho noodle with 2,000 VND. However, in 2010, one bowl of Pho would cost you 20,000 VND (10x higher).
- This year - 2015, Vietnamese governmental debts become so serious that Vinh, minister of ministry of planning and investment (MPI) said on the news that governmental's budget had only around 2 billion dollars left.
- Many experts say that Vietnam has more risks to go bankruptcy.
2. Too much corruption and bribery.
- Vietnam has too much corruption in every governmental divisions from polices (public polices, traffic polices, economic polices, etc.) to tax officers and even in education. For an example, when you need to make Ho Khau (residential registration), you must pay under the table money. For street vendors, they sometimes must pay an amount of money to be okay with their over-usage of sidewalks.
- The country learnt many from China. One of them is pushing economic growth by governmental expenditures & investments. Govm't uses loans to build new roads, highways, bridges, etc. However, there are many corruptions on winning the contracts. Thus, the prices are inflated as compared to other neighboring countries. And the quality of those buildings is definitely not good. Let's consider to the case of PMU 18 (a state-owned construction company) used to make street barriers with bamboos inside instead of steel. The story is the same with Vinashin (publicly spell as Vinaxin - "xin" = to beg), Vinalines, etc.
- Vietnam is not the richest nation of the world. But, only in Vietnam has world's most expensive roads in terms of cost per m2.
4. State-owned companies and its bad debts.
- Since Vietnam followed Socialism until pre-1986, Vietnam had no private companies. Only the government had the rights to do business. Many state-owned companies have been still operated until today. And most of them are uneffective and are dying into debts although they are strongly supported by central government.
5. Lazy governmental officers and intransparent recruitment.
- Phuc, a deputy prime minister of Vietnam used to say that at least 30% of governmental officers are useless and unnecessary. The real figures can be much more. The main reason for this is intransparent recruitment in public sectors from governmental offices to state-owned companies. In Vietnam, there is an implied regulations for human recruitment to state-owned entities as follows: "1st: relatives - 2nd: relations - 3rd: money - 4th: ability".
+ 1st: Relatives: Relatives are prioritized to be recruited. Ex, in a small rural district in the North, 11 amond 13 head of departments are relatives says many local newspapers.
+ 2nd: Relations: They only recruit whom they know such as friends, or relatives of collegues.
+ 3rd: Money - of course, money under the table. It is rumored that a position for a teller in a state-owned bank in the North is valued US $20,000 to be recruited.
+ 4th: Ability. If you have genuine abilities in Vietnam, it is not sure that you will be recruited into a government's division.
6. Only FDI's companies work well.
- Only FDIs work well in Vietnam now. Samsung only accounts for roughly 20% of Vietnam's export volume.
7. Too complicated regulations and law can be changed everyday.
- Some law-makers say that Vietnam's laws and regulations are too ambiguous. It can be true in the morning, but go wrong in the afternoon and correct again in the next morning. Many regulations have been released and then taken no effect on real life. They are changing everyday like indices on stock markets.
8. Socialism-centric market economy.
- In official documents of Vietnamese governments such as constitution, Vietnam declares to follow socialism-centric market economy in which state-owned companies are the main force for economic growth.